Old School Museum

Item details

Name of item: Old School Museum
Other name/s: Not known
Type of item: Built
Group/Collection: Education
Category: School - State (public)
Primary address: 85-87 Main Street, Merimbula, NSW 2548
Parish: Pambula
County: Auckland
Local govt. area: Bega Valley
All addresses
Street AddressSuburb/townLGAParishCountyType
85-87 Main StreetMerimbulaBega ValleyPambulaAucklandPrimary Address

Statement of significance:

Historically significant as a former school and teacher's residence, and also important as a rare example of a building of its type which predates the New South Wales Public Instruction Act of 1880. It is one of the few hand hewn sandstone buildings in the town. The building is highly valued by the community for its associations with the history of education in Merimbula. It is a well designed building, held in esteem by the community for its aesthetic qualities, including its contribution to the townscape.
Date significance updated: 29 May 13
Note: The State Heritage Inventory provides information about heritage items listed by local and State government agencies. The State Heritage Inventory is continually being updated by local and State agencies as new information becomes available. Read the Department of Premier and Cabinet copyright and disclaimer.

Description

Designer/Maker: GA Mansfield (presumed)
Builder/Maker: Not known
Construction years: 0-1875
Physical description: A single storey former school and residence erected in 1875 with hewn sandstone walls and a gabled corrugated iron roof originally shingled. There are four brick chimneys. Windows are double hung with stone lintels and sills. There are lean to timber and iron verandahs on all sides, though not continuous. There is a plaque on the front gable of school room, Reading public school 1873, which records the school being planned in that year by the New South Wales Council of Education, whose architect was G Allen Mansfield. Since the first plan, the roof was altered to form a gabled front on the schoolroom, two rooms were added to the residence, the wall was removed between the schoolroom and the classroom (after construction), a gabled room in stone was added to the east end (in 1898), and verandahs were added to the sides and rear. After a collapse, the gable of the schoolroom was rebuilt in 1898.The walls are of sandstone quarried from the hill on the north side of Back Lake. The same stone was used in the construction of the Tower House(Courunga)and possibly other construction work.

A railway had been constructed on piles across the lake and extended to the quarry site. Small rail trucks were used to transport the stone to the southern shore of the lake. A stone retaining wall and other evidence of the old railway may still be seen on the northern shore of the lake.

There are no foundations under the walls of the school, the stone blocks being set on sand, two feet below the surface. Outer walls are 18 inches thick and inner walls 15 inches thick. Each wall consists of two parallel walls 6 to7 inches thick separated by a gap of 2 to3 inches, which is filled with mud and rubble. Originally the masonry was set in lime mortar, broken oyster shells being used to make the lime. This is a weak mortar suitable for the relatively soft and weak sandstone. This necessitated regular maintenance as walls exposed to weather were subject to erosion of the mortar. On the front veranda to the left of the entrance where it has always been protected from the weather is a section of wall still showing some of the original mortar finish.

The masonry is described as rubble. This means that the individual stones are much as they were when broken out of the parent rock -some with no work on them at all and others faced off roughly on the outer face or roughly shaped to fit with adjacent stones. The only squared off stones are those round the windows and doors and at corners. The different tool marks evident in shaping dressed stones indicate that the master mason had several assistants helping him with the work.

Due to the foundation conditions, the masonry has always been subject to cracking and movement. The west gable from above the windowsill fell into the classroom on 22nd August 1898 under the pressure of a southerly gale. Fortunately the teacher, Mr. Henry Eggins noticed some initial movement and was able to remove the class in time to avoid any injuries. The wall is weakened because the 3 separate lintels over the windows reduce lateral stiffness. When rebuilt, a heavy timber beam was incorporated into the inner wall above the windows. The same wall has slowly tilted outwards and was still moving at the time of restoration. The slope may be seen by the out of parallel between the gable fascia and the intersection of the wall with the eave. Steel retaining bars were fitted in 1997 to tie the gable into the sidewalls to prevent further movement.

Through the years, the developing gap inside the building between the cornice and the wall was progressively filled with plaster. The east gable has also had its problems. Prior to 1996 the large square stone carrying the east end of the lintel fractured from top to bottom at the end of the lintel, allowing that end of the lintel and a segment of wall above to move outwards. It was necessary to shore up the wall while the lintel was jacked up to facilitate the fitting of a new block of masonry to support it. In 2000 the lintel and the same section of wall above moved out again about 9mm where it has remained. Any further movement will necessitate action to tie back the lintel and the segment of masonry above it.

From about 1990 the kitchen chimney became unstable due to subsidence. In 1995 it had to be shored up and underpinned by a heavy reinforced concrete slab. All this major masonry restoration was done during the 1995/99-restoration program. At the same time all the masonry was re-mortared and evidence of previous unsightly repair work removed.

A rubble wall is not as strong as a conventional masonry wall where a thin layer of mortar is used between dressed stones. In a rubble wall large amounts of mortar are required to form a cushion around stones of irregular shape. If weathering leads to loss of mortar, stones become loose and may be dislodged. If this is associated with cracking through the walls due to foundation irregularities the wall is weakened. This is why regular inspection and maintenance is required if the building is to be preserved for community use in the long term.

Some details of the timber structure of the floors and roof are recorded as a matter of general interest. The schoolroom floor is carried on hardwood joists that span from wall to wall with a central support on a low stonewall down the full length of the room. At 130 years old these timbers are in perfect condition and so hard that nails must be driven into predrilled holes. The roof timbers of the schoolroom are all equally sound and of similar timber. Incredibly some of the timber has indications of having been used on an earlier building. Many pieces show the dressing pattern of either adze or pit saw. The schoolroom ceiling central section is carried on collar ties that are nailed to the rafters. This section of the ceiling is fragile and will eventually require maintenance. The area may be accessed through the large manhole. It is not recommended to walk on this ceiling without supporting it from the floor.

The floors of the two front rooms were carried on joists spanning from wall to wall. These had sagged in the centre and during conservation a bearer was fitted under the centre of the rooms to provide additional support and take the spring out of the floor. The ceilings of these rooms are of lath and plaster. Several of the ceiling joists adjacent the chimney have been weakened by dry rot and may eventually need replacement. They can be accessed through the manhole in the ceiling of the office.

The two back rooms have an unsatisfactory history. The floors are lower to permit a skillion roof. Insufficient earth was excavated to permit sufficient air space above the ground, which is well below the outside ground level. This resulted in high soil moisture levels with possible water ponding. This caused the floor timbers to rot-and rising damp to invade inside the north and east walls. This was so serious that in 1940 these two rooms were condemned and teachers were no longer able to live in the building. This did not however prevent the rest of the building being used as schoolrooms, with the doors to the back rooms locked.

During the conservation programs these two floors were extensively repaired. In 1999 the outside ground level was lowered slightly and an agricultural drain set beside the east and north foundations at a level lower than the under floor ground level to draw water away from under the building. This drain empties at the northwest corner of the building. NOTES ON THE BUILDING PLAN AND GROUNDS

West Veranda

In 1932 when there were 70 pupils enrolled, the senior class was taught on this veranda. It was very uncomfortable in winter months. The veranda was also used for school assembly.

The School Bell

The bell came originally from Killarney School. First mounted over the entrance to the old church where the school for some years. Mounted on a post roughly where shown when the church was removed in 1929. The bell was moved to the present Public School in 1946.

Fence

In 1877 there was a constant movement of teamsters with horse or bullock drawn wagons associated with shipping activity. For safety reasons a 5-foot high picket fence was erected around the school block that extended to the escarpment above the creek. The cost was £28 10s. The council subsequently sued the contractor, Henry Wilson, for unsatisfactory work. However, they lost the case as it was shown that instructions and supervision were inadequate and ended up paying approx. £63 including costs.

Secondary Structures

The location of air raid shelters, school toilets, pan toilet, flag and bell are indicative only.

Closure of North Veranda

In 1995, for security reasons, it was found necessary to close in the north veranda. This was funded by a gift from the Rotary Club of Merimbula. e resulting additional room is now available for display purposes and has been named the "Rotary Room".

Old School Grounds Shared with Youth Centre.

When the old post office building was moved into the open area behind the school for use as a youth centre, a dividing fence was erected between the two buildings. During 2003 and 2004, negotiations between the Bega Valley Shire Council, Youth Centre Committee and the Historical Society resulted in an area of land behind the Youth Centre building being made available to the Historical Society for the building of a storeroom. This was constructed in 2004 with the assistance of volunteers from The Robinhood Club. Funding was by a grant of $17,000 from the NSW State Ministry for the Arts, gifts from the Community, and the Merimbula R.S.L.
Physical condition and/or
Archaeological potential:
Good condition
Date condition updated:29 May 13
Modifications and dates: Various, please refer to History "Evolution of the Old School Museum"
Further information: Not known
Current use: Museum
Former use: School

History

Historical notes: Built 1875
The building was entered in the Register of the National Estate. Since the masonry walls were commenced some time before August in 1873 and until Dec 1945, when the old school was closed -72 years later- there were many additions and alterations made to the building. Its subsequent history of community use and service as a residence for 2 families between c1947 and c1961 followed by years of neglect changed, when in 1973 the (then) Imlay and District Historical Society was granted rights of occupancy to use the building as a Museum. The Society carried out major conservation work on the building between 1973 and 1975 and again, as The Merimbula, Imlay Historical Society Inc. in 1995/1999.

EVOLUTION OF THE OLD SCHOOL BUILDING.

1873 to1875 The original building consisted of the schoolroom, two front rooms and front veranda only. A masonry wall originally divided the schoolroom into two rooms. There were no kitchen, bathroom or laundry facilities. Cooking was done in the fireplace using the iron kettles, pots and skillets (displayed in the museum) hanging on chains from bars across the inside of the chimney. Initially, there were no tanks and the teacher and his wife had to depend on neighbours for water. The only toilet was the pit toilet provided for the school, a long walk to the north end of the property. Probably baths were taken in a hipbath in front of the fire. These conditions sound primitive to us but at that time the teacher's accommodation was the best in town apart from Armstrong Munn's residence "Courunga".

1875 to 1879 The first permanent teacher in the new building, John Morrison, along with his wife, lived there from Aug 1875 to Oct 1879 without recording serious complaints about the building. This is hard to understand as later teachers complained continually about lack of ventilation, musty air, condensation on walls, mould on books and clothing, constant sore throats and colds and extreme cold in winter. The same complaints applied to the schoolroom. It took 50 years for the Council for Education to respond to these complaints by installing proper ventilation.

1877 Spouting was added to collect rainwater and two tanks were installed. In 1879 two further tankers were installed. Water for the school was a continuing saga. Salt air caused early corrosion of the tanks and it was always a major operation for the teacher to move the Council for Education into action (nothing changes!). A further problem was theft of school water by residents who were either unable or failed to provide for their own water supply. The school always had water and it was easy to access at night.

1875 to 1893 Sometime in this period, two back rooms of masonry construction were added to the building, possibly c.1890, for Henry Eggins, the second married teacher to live in the schoolhouse. By this time, the enrolments had increased to 40-50 scholars, too many for a single teacher to handle. Married teachers would no longer accept the inadequate living facilities.

1891 The veranda was added along the west wall of the schoolroom and extended along the north wall and enclosed on the north side and east end to provide cloakroom facilities and protection in extreme weather.

1892 The original shingle roof was overlaid with corrugated galvanized iron sheeting.

1893 A weatherboard kitchen was built at the rear (north side) separated from the building and accessed from the present back door.

1896 Two old tanks were removed and a 400-gallon tank installed.

1898 The room with the gable on the east end of the building was added as an extra bedroom, later used as a sitting room and now the office.

1903 The shingles and previous galv iron roof removed and a new galv iron roof installed.

1905 New 600-gallon tank installed.
1912 New concrete steps added to the schoolroom in two places. Bathroom and laundry added to the external kitchen. General maintenance and painting of the whole building. A separate girls toilet was built at the northwest corner of the grounds. Previously the girls and boys toilet was one building divided in the centre . It was situated towards the east end of the north boundary.

1918 Veranda added to the east side of the room built in 1898.

1919 Under floor ventilation added and complete maintenance of building.

1924 A covered way was constructed from the back door of the 1925 residence to the kitchen, bathroom and laundry block. The original raised gallery floor on the east side of the schoolroom (shown on plan of school in museum) was removed. There is no record of why this was done.

C1931 A masonry partition, which had initially been built across the schoolroom to isolate the youngest children, was removed, probably to make the space more flexible for the increased number of enrolled students and to improve the teacher's view of the class. The repairs to the floor show where the partition was removed. Better ventilation was provided in both the schoolroom and the residence. An area along the outside of the north veranda was roofed. Maintenance of all the masonry walls: on this and several other occasions. This tended to be done by inexpert tradesmen who left the walls with an unsightly mixture of mortar styles and colours. AII this was corrected during the 1995/99 conservation program.

1933 To accommodate growing numbers of scholars, a schoolroom from the closed Yarramie school was moved to Merimbula and erected on the north side of the schoolroom. It was connected to the main building by the roofed area built in 1931, forming a covered causeway between the buildings.

1940 The two back rooms were condemned and the teachers lived away from the school. The front veranda was glassed in and from then on the whole usable area was available for educational purposes.

1941 A letter dated 15th July 1999 from Joan Mc Donell (nee Kent) a teacher who commenced in 1941 reports that she taught a class in the east end room (now the office). There were six rows of two desks, one against each wall with a narrow aisle between. Blackboard to the left of the fireplace and teacher’s table to the right. Because the aisle was so narrow, children lined up in the aisle to have their work marked, going out through the side door to the east veranda and returning through the closed-in front veranda which was also used as the kindergarten area. The front veranda windows were decorated with the student’s artwork. The "Munn" room had one of the walls surfaced with blackboard paint for the children to write and draw on. Sewing and needlework was probably taught in the entrance room.

1941 to 1946 The temporary building used since 1933 was removed as the residential rooms became available for classes. Sometime during this period, as there were no resident teachers, the external kitchen, laundry and bathroom block was removed,.

1945 This is the last year the old school was used for educational purposes. The new school, further east along Munn St., was ready for classes from the beginning of 1946.

So we come to the end of an era of education in Merimbula; after 70 years of constant use the old building became inadequate but it still had a contribution to make to the community.

1946 to 1973 During this period a range of different community organizations hired the schoolroom separately. From c1947 to c1961 the residence was home to two families - JD Cousemacker-c1947 to c1955 and EG Hyland-c1957-c1961. During this period improvements were made to make the two back rooms habitable and a pan toilet was installed adjacent the north east corner of the building. The "mining" room became the bathroom and the other back room the kitchen. The east end room became the living room, the 2 front rooms, dining and bedroom. The closed front veranda was used as a bedroom by the first resident and an office by the last

1961 to 1973 Since there had been little or no maintenance on the building, it had fell into serious disrepair, helped by vandalism and over growth by creepers. The building was full of rubbish and the scouts used some of the rooms for storage of equipment.

1973 The Imlay Historical Society, formed in 1967 was granted permissive occupancy of the building by the Imlay Shire Council for use as a Museum.

Recommended management:

Recommendations

Management CategoryDescriptionDate Updated
Statutory InstrumentList on a Local Environmental Plan (LEP)30 May 13

Listings

Heritage ListingListing TitleListing NumberGazette DateGazette NumberGazette Page
Local Environmental PlanBega Valley Local Environmental Plan 2013I05402 Aug 13 408103
Local Environmental Plan - LapsedSchedule 5 14 Jun 02 984222

Study details

TitleYearNumberAuthorInspected byGuidelines used
Merimbula/Pambula Strategy Study0 Bega Valley Shire Council  No
Register of the National Estate03Australian Heritage Commission  No
Wolumla Heritage Places2005 Pip Giovanelli  No

References, internet links & images

None

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Data source

The information for this entry comes from the following source:
Name: Local Government
Database number: 1100054


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