Booloominbah

Item details

Name of item: Booloominbah
Other name/s: The Hill
Type of item: Built
Group/Collection: Residential buildings (private)
Category: Homestead building
Location: Lat: -30.4883044804 Long: 151.6447004610
Primary address: 60 Madgwick Drive, Armidale, NSW 2350
Local govt. area: Armidale Regional
Local Aboriginal Land Council: Armidale
Property description
Lot/Volume CodeLot/Volume NumberSection NumberPlan/Folio CodePlan/Folio Number
PART LOT10 DP1142199
All addresses
Street AddressSuburb/townLGAParishCountyType
60 Madgwick DriveArmidaleArmidale Regional  Primary Address
51-61 Trevenna RoadArmidaleArmidale RegionalArmidaleSandonAlternate Address

Owner/s

Organisation NameOwner CategoryDate Ownership Updated
University of New EnglandCommunity Group25 Sep 06

Statement of significance:

Booloominbah is of State heritage significance as one of the largest private country houses built in Australia during the 19th century and amongst the most avant-garde domestic Arts and Crafts style designs of the time. Designed as an interpretation of an English country house, Booloominbah sits in a relatively intact landscape. As such, it is exemplary of the work of architect John Horbury Hunt. As well as being large, it is also extravagant in decoration, in particular the use of stained glass. The fabric substantially demonstrates the wealth and influence of pastoralism in NSW in late 19th century.

Its gift by Thomas R. Forster was the catalyst for the establishment of the New England University College, the first in Australia to be located outside of a capital city. The gift of such a substantial house demonstrates the historical circumstances of the White family's involvement, the impetus from the local church and community groups, and the 'new state' movement in establishing Armidale as a major educational centre in NSW. (Clive Lucas Stapleton & Partners 1992)
Date significance updated: 21 Mar 05
Note: The State Heritage Inventory provides information about heritage items listed by local and State government agencies. The State Heritage Inventory is continually being updated by local and State agencies as new information becomes available. Read the Department of Premier and Cabinet copyright and disclaimer.

Description

Designer/Maker: John Horbury Hunt
Builder/Maker: William Seabrook and John Thomas Brown.
Construction years: 1884-1888
Physical description: Landscape:
Booloominbah dominates the northwest edge of Armidale city. It has extensive gardens and expresses a European idyll of a rolling deer park representing a serious attempt to recreate a little vista of England in Australia (Oates, 2022, 22).

Booloominbah sits in a landscape of an English country estate, including two drives, a gate and inner gate, a dam and a deer park below to its south. The main drive is flanked by a double avenue of English (European) elm trees (Ulmus procera). The location of the second drive is marked by a section of remnant hedge.

The deer park and house are surrounded by a collation of mature trees including 'English' (European) elm, poplars (Populus spp.) and many more.

Gardens:
The site features in many images created by White (family) cousins living nearby at Saumarez and in albums and collections of many other people who visited the property over time. One photograph, taken as the house was being completed in 1888, shows the complete lack of pre-existing garden design features or plantings. Only a few others document the late-19th century development of the garden. The pictorial record becomes much richer when Sarah White opened Booloominbah as a Red Cross Convalescent Hospital in 1916. Both soldiers and nurses took many photographs up to 1919. These depict extensive rose gardens, sweeping lawns, garden structures in both iron and timber, and a deer park complete with an imported herd of deer (Oates, 2022, 22).

Bruce Mitchell (1988) refers to her having three full-time gardeners in the 1920s. They managed the lawns and flower beds around hte house, as well as remarkable fruit and vegetable gardens, which benefitted from access to plenty of horse and cow manure from the Booloominbah stables. The orchad contained massive grape trellises, 45m long, completely wired-in for protection against birds. The gardeners also supervised management of the deer park (Oates, 2022, 24).

Booloominbah's mansion is surrounded by three distinct gardens: the north, south and east. The northern garden is boarded by a hedge and is predominantly a lawn area. It is intersected by 1990s path.

The gardens to the south and east are lawns interspersed with mature trees, including (to the south) a Bunya pine (Araucaria bidwillii), Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica) and Chir / long-needled Himalayan pine (Pinus roxburghii).

A 1992 report indicated there was a rose garden located to the south of the house.

House:
Booloominbah is probably the largest private house built in Australia in the 19th century. It is only the Vice-regal houses at Melbourne, Sydney and Hobart which are larger.

It boasts four reception rooms, billiards room, business room, smoking room, five principal, seven secondary bedrooms, two dressing rooms, boudoir, four bathrooms, lavatory, night and day nurseries, together with reception and stair halls on a considerable scale. As well there are two secondary staircases.

The house's design by Australian standards is extremely avant-garde and smart for its date of 1883-8. The artistic house made popular in England with teaching of William Morris and the Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood was not built in Australia much before the 1890s, except perhaps in cases where fashionable clients had their houses designed in England, e.g. Alton (1882) in Victoria by J.P. Seddon, and Caerleon in N.S.W. (1887) by Maurice B. Adams.

The size and complexity of Booloominbah, offices for upper and lower servants, the male domain, numerous staircases (there are three) so that staff and family could pass unnoticed, private and public rooms as well as technological advances like mechanical bells, gas lighting, running water, plate glass and so on, owe their origin to the great country houses of England and the influence of texts like Robert Kerr's The English Gentleman's House, first published in 1864.

The style of the house owes much to the influence of the Arts and Crafts movement in England and, as the movement manifested itself in the U.S.A., in the so called American Shingle Style.

The roof is clad in terracotta tiles (EJE, 2016, 9).

Stained Glass:
The house is elaborately finished with the extensive use of stained glass. Booloominbah contains more stained glass than any other house designed by Hunt, including 'Kirkham' and indicates a particular aesthetic of Frederick and Sarah White (Mitchell 1988, p.24). All the main reception rooms have stained glass, as does the day nursery. The main stair hall is dominated by a huge window celebrating the life of the martyr of Khartoum, General Gordon. This, by the English firm of Lavers, Barraud & Westlake, is the largest such window in a domestic setting in Australia. General Gordon distinguished himself during the Crimean War and the siege of Sevastopol and then again during Taiping Rebellion in China. At the end of his service in China, Gordon returned to England and worked on defending the Thames at Gravesend. While there, he became interested in the plight of the working-class boys in the area and established a ragged school, as well as implementing other initiatives to improve their lives.

Gordon returned to the Crimea and through a series of events became the governor-general of the Sudan. He remained in this post for a number of years before relinquishing it due to his health. Gordon then accepted a number of short-term posts before being called on by the British to return to Sudan to quell the rising tensions in the region. Gordon disagreed with Britain on how best to deal with the situation and as a result was trapped in the city of Khartoum. The public rallied behind Gordon and entreated the British army to send him relief, but it arrived too late - the city had been captured and Gordon killed. His death was romanticised and he became a Victorian hero. Gordon's death in 1885 produced a swell of British loyalty in Australia. Troops were sent from NSW to Sudan to assist the British. When White was considering the subject for the window similar sentiments were arising in relation to the Boer War.

The choice of Gordon as the subject of the window was against the wishes of Hunt, whom White consulted. Sherry attributes White's choice to the importance he placed on leadership, given his position as a public figure in the Armidale community and his allegiance to the Empire. Discussing the stained glass in Booloominbah as a whole, Sherry (1991, p.42) argues that it "expresses White's various allegiances: to the British tradition, the Empire, and Australia". As a whole, therefore, the stained glass expresses the White family's origins, allegiances and its values.

The stained glass in the main rooms was created by Lyon, Wells and Cottier. This firm was established by John Lyons in 1873 and originally known as Lyons and Cottier. Cottier was a pre-eminent stained glass artist in Glasgow under whom Lyons and Wells both trained. Lyon was granted permission to use Cottier's name, apparently his only contribution to the firm. The library is aptly decorated with images of Shakespeare and Scott, the image of Scott particularly appropriate given the influence his writings had over the construction of Victorian service and honour ethic. The drawing room displays a classical muse playing a lyre, surrounded by other artistic implements. In the dining room the windows depict English farming scenes as well as the four traditional meats - beef, venison, fish and game. The main bedroom window is an adaptation of the firms most sort-after design, the Four Seasons. The Day Nursery is decorated with nursery rhyme images published between 1870 and 1881 (Sherry 1991, p.43).

There is considerable use of Australian fauna and flora in the glass. The classical muse in the dining room incorporates native birds and animals, including bandicoot, possum and kangaroo. The Four Seasons in the main bedroom includes kookaburra, cockatoo, Waratah and wattle. The twelve panels surrounding the door to the verandah are composed solely of native birds and flowers. This is a quite early use of Australian motifs and displays a range of skill levels in the execution, some being described by Sherry as "crude" (Sherry 1991, p.43). Mitchell (1988, p.27) explains this, stating that of the firms 106 sketches held by the Mitchell Library only five depict Australian themes and none of these are animals or flowers. The painting of Australian flora and fauna was therefore a "novelty" for the firm.

Interior Decoration:
While the stained glass was the primary means of decorating the interior spaces of Booloominbah, use was also made of painted decoration and furniture. These three decorative devises augment Hunt's characteristically restrained interior architectural design, in sharp contrast to his exteriors. An exception to this is the Stair Hall, which is an impressive arrangement, dominated by a large, gothic-style fireplace. The London style of decoration (a mix of Jacobean, Renaissance, Japanese and Gothic) favoured by Andrew Wells has been constrained in the decoration of Booloominbah, whether by the White family or Hunt is unclear. The interior paint scheme conformed to the prevailing fashion, similar to aestheticism and medieval styles through the use of mid tertiary colours (olive greens and dull reds) contrasted with chocolate and olive browns for the joinery and vellum and parchment for the ceilings.

Due to the size of Booloominbah the principle mode of painted decoration was discreet panels on the faces of archways and pilasters, for the main, with vases, birds, plants and flowers. The dining room, which has been restored, is one of the most elaborately decorated rooms. On a field of olive green for the walls and vellum for the ceiling Wells painted gold stars. In the buffet alcove the stars were replaced by deep olive green fleurs-de-Lys. The inglenook is the key architectural feature of the room and Wells has flanked it with two mythical lion-like creatures. The arch of the inglenook is decorated with a ribbon of text reading "Not Meat But Cheerfulness Makes The Feast", indicative of the Victorian morals espoused by the White family. Above the inglenook kookaburras and rosellas perch amongst vines on a gilt background. Andrew Wells unfamiliarity with Australian wildlife, he arrived in Australia in 1887, is evident in his depiction of the birds. Despite this Booloominbah is one of the best preserved examples of Andrew Wells ten year Australian career.

Booloominbah gains part of its State heritage significance from the synergy created by the combined efforts of Frederick and Sarah White, John Horbury Hunt and the decorating firm Lyon, Wells and Cottier. It is one of best remaining examples of collaborations brought about by the wealth to demonstrate their wealth.
Physical condition and/or
Archaeological potential: 		General physical is good with the external in excellent condition.
Date condition updated:21 Aug 06
Modifications and dates: mid-1890s Addition of three-storey wing with service rooms on ground floor, servant's bedrooms on the first floor and a billiard room on the third. (Considerable)

1900-03 Addition of arched, flat-roofed tower to house water takes built to reduce water pressure problems

1938 Modification to fabric of building to allow university use. (Some)
1940 Removal of Kitchen chimney & external wall. (Considerable)
1948 Reroofing terracotta tiles and sprinkler system ( Considerable)

1952 Partitions erected (Little)
1957 The Mary White College was dedicated and its buildings sited in the western end of the Deer Park.
1961 (adjacent) Trevenna, bequeathed to the University (since used as Vice-Chancellor's Residence (Stuart Read, observation)
1964 Water tank and roofing replaced. (Some)
1960s additional buildings
1965 de-commissioning the southern rose gardens.

2018 the deer herd (on site from 1888 \ was destroyed at the direction of UNE management. The deer park remains in situ (Oates, 2022, 24).
Further information: One possible inspiration for Booloominbah is the Amar Mahal Palace, Jammu, built for Raja Amr Singh in 1862, a unique 'chateau' style, overlooking the Tawi river. It has been converted into an hotel (Stuart Read, obs., from #jktourismofficial instagram post, 24/11/2021).
Current use: Administration of University, Café, Bar, social events, gatherings venue
Former use: Aboriginal land, farm, farm mansion residence, Convalescent Hospital, University Administration building, Graduation ceremonies venue (lawns outside)

History

Historical notes: The Nganaywanya People
Prior to European occupation the area was inhabited by the Nganaywanya, or Anaiwan, people. The Nganaywanya developed extensive trading networks with their neighbours, based on rich plant and animal resources. The area also provided a rich source of hard volcanic rock for tool making and ceremonial purposes.

After the arrival of Europeans to the Armidale area the Anaiwan people established a semi-permanent camp on Drummond's Hill. From here they established close ties to the large pastoral runs in the area, particularly with the White family. Oral histories indicate that Anaiwan people were employed at Booloominbah as domestic staff.

The White Family
Frederick Robert White, born in 1835, was the fifth child of James and Sarah White, formerly of the Australian Agricultural Company and a highly successful pastoralist. Frederick White received the wool producing property 'Timor' from his fathers estate and began expanding the holdings. White married Sarah Amelia Arndell (b.1841), a descended of First Fleet surgeon Thomas Arndell, in 1860. In the following year he borrowed money from a cousin to buy as second property, 'Harben Vale', to the west of 'Timor'. White became a lay reader in the Murrurundi Church of England and was influence in appointing John Horbury Hunt to design the church of which he laid the foundation stone in 1873. White provided half of the funds necessary to build a second church at Blandford, also designed by Hunt and closer to 'Harben Vale'. He also had Hunt build a third church at Timor as well as stables for 'Harben Vale'.

During the 1860s and 1870s the White family worked together to strengthen their holdings by exchanging and sharing land and borrowing money from one another to purchase new properties, for Frederick these were in the Tablelands and included 'Mihi Creek', later known as 'Rockwood' east of Uralla. In 1877 White bought several small blocks outside of Armidale, possibly with the intention of moving his family there from the Upper Hunter. By then Frederick and Sarah had four sons and three daughters, having lost another three daughters. It was the loss of twin daughters and his mother that almost certainly convinced White to test the prevailing belief that the New England climate was better for the health. The decision to move the family to Armidale was cemented in 1880, when it was announced the new railway line would pass through the town. White bought another 22 blocks of land to the north-west of Armidale, today the campus of the University of New England. While White purchased the land in 1880 it was not until 1882 that the family moved to Armidale. A snap-shot of White's holdings in 1884 reveals he had 14,970 hectares (37,000 acres) at 'Harben Vale' with 30,000 sheep and 8090 hectares (20,000 acres) at 'Rookwood' with 17,800 sheep.

'The Hill' in Armidale was 160 hectares (400 acres), but was never large contributor to the family's income. The property later grew to 810 hectares (2000 acres) and with the construction of Booloominbah was renamed after the house.

The first plans for Booloominbah were completed in 1882 or early 1883 and revised before tenders were called for the construction in November 1883. The builders, Seabrook and Brown, met with White and Hunt on site in February and March of 1884. The details of the contract reveal Hunt was to direct construction for a fee of (Pounds)6000, which was to be completed by January 1886. White seems to have changed his mind and decided to halt construction while he took his family to Britain and Europe for a year. White also altered the contract, stating he would now provide all the glass and asked a third set of drawings be made. Seabrook and Brown requested that, despite delay in full-scale construction, they be allowed to quarry stone and lay foundations, which was probably agreed to. The family returned, apparently some time in 1885, as by Christmas 1886 building was well on its way and was nearly completed in 1887. Due to the extensive nature of the interior decorations, the family did not move in until 1888. Original plans for Booloominbah had included a service wing to the west, which was not constructed at the time, but major additions were built in the mid-1890s, some of which were supervised by Hunt.

Throughout the construction of Booloominbah, White continued to manage his four properties, often travelling to personally supervise them. During 1888 the White families at 'Saumarez' and 'Belltrees' worked together to run non-union shearers through the blockade. In 1891 eldest daughter Kate married Thomas Richmond Forster and Frederick bought Forster 'Abington' and included him in the White family cooperative. Kate came back to Booloominbah to have each of her children, thus fulfilling the family's desire for a true family home.

The site features in many images created by White (family) cousins living nearby at Saumarez and in albums and collections of many other people who visited the property over time. One photograph, taken as the house was being completed in 1888, shows the complete lack of pre-existing garden design features or plantings. Only a few others document the late-19th century development of the garden This might be because Frederick use Booloominbah as the family summer residence, while living at Aston in Sydney for winter. The first mention of a garden party at Booloominbah was in 1896. Community events continued from this time to the present day. When the sailors from the American Great White fleet visited in 1908, the Booloominbah gardens were a centrepiece of the festivities (Oates, 2022, 22).

In 1902 the youngest son turned 21 and White transferred ownership properties one to each son. White died in the following year, leaving an estate thought to be valued at (Pounds)55,134. From this he gave substantial sums to the Armidale and Grafton Church of Christ diocese for building works, to be undertaken by Hunt. He also gave money for missions to New Guinea and Melanesia and to the Indigenous people of North Queensland. Hospitals in Armidale, Murrurundi, Muswellbrook, Sydney and the Prince Alfred Hospital also benefited.

Sarah White continued to live at (Oates, 2022, 22 says she relocated (from Aston, Sydney) to) Booloominbah for the remaining 30 years of her life. Between 1916 and 1919 Sarah turned over the service wing for the use of the Red Cross as a convalescent home for wounded Great War service men. In 1922 some of the land around Booloominbah was sold off and the remainder was leased as small farms. Sarah died in 1933, leaving the house to whichever of the grandchildren would buy it within 12 months. In the Great Depression, none of the children seem to have been in a position to purchase the property and it was discussed that perhaps the house would have to be sold for (Pounds)6000.

Sarah quickly hired a gardener, Mr Monly, who started in 1904. There are no surviving written records from the Booloominbah Whites, nor has a family photo album ever been discovered. Some early pictures exist amongst White family descendents including the Harris family album of Abington (northerwest of Armidale, near Bundarra) and in the Saumarez White colllections, along with some commercial images taken before the First World War. The pictorial record becomes much richer when Sarah White opened Booloominbah as a Red Cross Convalescent Hospital in 1916. Both soldiers and nurses took many photographs up to 1919. These depict extensive rose gardens, sweeping lawns, garden structures in both iron and timber, and a deer park complete with an imported herd of deer...Fewer photographs exist to record the garden in Mrs White's declining years. Bruce Mitchell (1988) refers to her having three full-time gardeners in the 1920s. They managed the lawns and flower beds around hte house, as well as remarkable fruit and vegetable gardens, which benefitted from access to plenty o fhorse and cow manure from the Booloominbah stables. The orchad contained massive grape trellises, 45m long, completely wired-in for protection against birds. The gardeners also supervised management of the deer park (Oates, 2022, 22).

Following Mrs White's death in 1933, the family could not sustain the household and the house was unoccupied. Some of the land around Booloominbah farm was subdivided and sold. A new solution for using hte site was proposed by Mrs White's son-in-law, T.R. Forster of Abington, to the family. He brought the property and donated it to the state, on the condition a campus for the first regional university would be established by the NSW government (Oates, 2022, 24).

University College and University
White, who had some formal education, obviously valued it for his children. He sent his sons to The King's School, Parramatta, and made extensive clauses in his will regarding the provision of education for his grandchildren, including university or higher education should they desire it. It is therefore fitting that son-in-law Thomas Forster proposed the house be donated to a fund established to create a university college in Armidale. The idea of a university in Armidale was first floated in 1922 as an extension of the schools already in existence. In the opening decades of the 20th century the traditional view of universities as only for the very wealthy was being challenged as academic state high schools exit exams became acceptable entry standard to university.

The drive for a university in Armidale was also driven by the New State Movement (NSM), a quasi-political organisation with links the Country Party who wanted to form their own state, seeing very little similarity or shared interest with the Sydney-based government. When local member David Henry Drummond, who sympathised with the NSM, became the Minister for Education in 1927 he moved quickly to establish a teachers' college in Armidale. In 1934 Drummond suggested that if a sum of (Pounds)10,000 could be raised the Government would be more willing to support a university college.

By 1936 very little headway had been made and it looked unlikely that such a sum could be raised. It was in this climate that Forster suggested that the donation of Booloominbah to the Government might force the issue. A secondary concern was the unwillingness of Sydney University to consider the proposal, funding was tight and it was only when they saw an opportunity to increase their budget that they were convinced. The sum was barely raised, the commercial and professionals of Armidale making very little contribution, leaving the efforts to the surrounding graziers. With that the Government rushed through amendments to the University Act in the last weeks of 1937.

Alterations were already planned before the confirmation had come through, they were quickly implemented and teaching began on 15 March 1938. Alterations to convert Booloominbah from a house into a university were reasonably extensive and included wiring for electricity, removal of walls in the kitchen and scullery to create a dinning hall and the conversion of the laundry into a kitchen. The largest alteration was the construction of a flat for the warden, which required the demolition of the kitchens chimney, an integral part of Hunts design. Other smaller modifications were made, a door between the former morning and drawing rooms for example.

In 1938 a small band of Sydney University academics and regional students took up residence in the renovated house and its outbuildings. Initially, the campus was only part of the original extensive grounds and farmland, with several dairying concerns and apple orchards operating beyond the boundaries of the college (Oates, 2022, 24).

The first warden, Dr Edgar Booth, wanted to create a family atmosphere. In the first years all students lived in Booloominbah, its Lodge or Sub-lodge and everyone ate together in the dining hall. In later years, when the student population grew, townhouses had to be rented for the additional students, they still ate together in the dining hall, being picked up by bus at 8am in time for breakfast and then returned after dinner.

In 1945 there were 180 students attending the University College and a staff of twenty. The relationship with Sydney University was becoming increasingly strained, with constant calls for the College to become autonomous. Staff wanted the ability to approve students study paths and teach subjects specific to rural needs, agricultural and veterinary science, for example. In 1944 the College had drafted a bill in the hopes that the New South Wales government would give them autonomy. Sydney University agreed in May of 1945 that they would work towards autonomy in seven years. The intervening Second World War, political manoeuvring and more prevarication by Sydney University meant the University of New England did not come into existence until 1 February 1954.

The political arguments resulted in very little money for the College. As a result student numbers remained low and Booloominbah retained its central role in the life of the College, only two other permanent buildings having been constructed. The library was the most rapidly expanding element of the College, it slowly expanded from room to room. In 1948 students protested when administrators decided to brighten up the building by painting the walls and skirtings white. The students were particularly distressed at the loss of the "scrolls, texts and decorations. They are unashamedly Victorian, we know, but Bool would be illogical with out them." (Mitchell 1988, p.59). Around this time the roof tiles were replaced with no appreciation of the traditional English style they had contributed to.

The Second World War greatly restricted the labour available to maintain the horticultural enterprise around the new university college, which compromised the decorative gardens and extensive vegetable and medicinal drug crops. Amidst protests from the College Warden, Edgar Booth, the campus gardener was conscripted into the Australian Army in 1942. Still, the gardens remained a central part of campus life, photographed by staff and students. Then came the post-war expansion of the campus and, in 1954, autonomy from Sydney University, during which time the university was acquiring land around hte Booloominbah farm, with playing fields, building sites for eesidential colleges and research plots being included on the Trevenna property (bequeathed?) (Oates, 2022, 24).

Autonomy was not accompanied by a budget and new buildings were slow to come. It was not until the 1960s that students began to move out of Booloominbah and the building became mainly administrative. The building's new role brought a fresh round of modifications, the larger upper rooms were subdivided by thin wooden partitions, but care was taken to preserve the skirtings and ceiling mouldings. The idea of restoring Booloominbah was floated and some furniture in an appropriate style was bought for several of the rooms.

The need for a larger venue for graduation ceremonies led to de-commissioning the southern rose gardens in 1965. The campus by this time did, however, include another rose garden at Trevenna, bequeathed to the University in 1961. The Mary White College was dedicated in 1957 and its buildings sited in the western end of the Deer Park. The deer herd remained on site from 1888 until 2018 when it was destroyed at the direction of UNE management. The deer park remains in situ (Oates, 2022, 24).

The construction of new buildings also had an impact on the way in which Booloominbah was viewed by the student and staff population. The University became divided along Faculty lines and moved into separate buildings, there was no longer large meetings of staff or students in Booloominbah. The building remained an important part of student's identification with the University and respected the building. Students were concerned not to damage Booloominbah when they occupied it in 1972.

Booloominbah continues to function in an administrative capacity, most recently as a staff and student resource centre. Two grants have been received by UNE to undertake restoration work. In 1993 work was undertaken on the buildings exterior including fixing the roof, repointing the brickwork, repairing decorative elements like the gargoyles, painting woodwork and protecting the stained glass. In 2001 funding was approved to reinstate the painted decoration in the dining room.

Architect
John Horbury Hunt was born in Canada in 1838. Hunt trained under several architects in North America before the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 interrupted his studies. The war prompted Hunt to immigrate to India. Passing through Sydney in 1863, at the age of 24, acting colonial architect James Barnet convinced Hunt to stay in Australia. He joined the firm of E.T. Blacket and quickly proved himself, working mainly on country commissions. His strong personality and radical ideas had a profound effect on the firm. Hunt left Blacket in 1869 and entered a short-lived partnership before setting up his own practice. It had been his time at Blacket, however, that had introduced him to his clientele - the first Australian-born generation of entrepreneurs and professionals to access the power structure. It was also during this time that he met Reverend Canon William Edward White, during the construction of St Albans at Muswellbrook. White was impressed by Hunt and thus began the professional association with the extended White family. Hunt completed an impressive range of buildings for the White family, from the shearing shed at Belltrees to the grandeur of Kirkham and Booloominbah.

Interior Designs
The interior design was executed and conceived by Andrew Wells of Lyon, Wells and Cottier. Wells trained and practiced in Glasgow, mainly working on steamship interiors until he came to Australian in 1887 in the hopes of improving his health. Wells had trained with Daniel Cottier, both of whom were influenced by the Gothic Revival style, although as Protestant Scots they moderated the style through the addition of Jacobean, Renaissance and Japanese influences in what became known as the London Style. Well's style was refined by his principle commissions, decorating the interiors of Glasgow-built steamers. These challenged and extended his style as, rather than purely painting on plaster, he had to transform sheet metal and wood panelling into inlaid timber and silk damask. His style was characterised by the colours he used and the delicacy of his line work. Wells ten year stay in Australia improved his health to the extent that he was able to return to the United Kingdom and join the company of Guthrie Brothers, who became well known and respected in Europe (John Carr Architects).

Following on from the work of the late Bruce Mitchell and Jillian Oppenheimer, UNE associates and Australian Garden History Society members, Bill Oates is compiling a website of old garden images and other electronic resources. These will contribute to a 3rd year Bachelor of Historical Enquiry at UNE (course). The image collection consists of photographs from the White family album, the Armidale community and UNE alumni. It will be a resource for the AGHS and UNE Landscape management committee and the UNE's research programs (Oates, 2022, 24).

Historic themes

Australian theme (abbrev)New South Wales themeLocal theme
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Gardens-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Parks-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Other open space-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Rare and Significant Trees-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Modification of terrain-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Natural - site important native fauna habitat or food source-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Natural - regenerating native flora valued for conservation purposes-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Introduce cultural planting-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. remnant woodland and grasses-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Special tree or trees-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Changing the environment-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Aboriginal cultures and interactions with other cultures-Activities associated with maintaining, developing, experiencing and remembering Aboriginal cultural identities and practices, past and present. Aboriginal Culture-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Aboriginal cultures and interactions with other cultures-Activities associated with maintaining, developing, experiencing and remembering Aboriginal cultural identities and practices, past and present. Anaiwan nation - sites evidencing occupation-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Ethnic influences-Activities associated with common cultural traditions and peoples of shared descent, and with exchanges between such traditions and peoples. Scottish settlers-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Ethnic influences-Activities associated with common cultural traditions and peoples of shared descent, and with exchanges between such traditions and peoples. American late Victorian architectural influence-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Ethnic influences-Activities associated with common cultural traditions and peoples of shared descent, and with exchanges between such traditions and peoples. English migrants-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Ethnic influences-Activities associated with common cultural traditions and peoples of shared descent, and with exchanges between such traditions and peoples. English rural building practises-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Migration-Activities and processes associated with the resettling of people from one place to another (international, interstate, intrastate) and the impacts of such movements Free Immigrants in the 19th century-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture Orchards-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture Private farming-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture Horticultural Society activities - exhibitions, competitions-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture Clearing land for farming-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture Farming in intermittent environments-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture Arboretums - collections of trees for ornament or forestry-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture Ancillary structures - sheds, crop storage-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture Rural Estates-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture Ancillary structures fencing-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture Associations with the Royal Agricultural Society-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture Improving agricultural production-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture Attempting to transplant European farming practices to Australian environments-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Commerce-Activities relating to buying, selling and exchanging goods and services Developing real estate-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Commerce-Activities relating to buying, selling and exchanging goods and services Tourist Industry-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Developing local, regional and national economies-National Theme 3
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Creating environments evocative of the 'old country'-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Gardens and landscapes reminiscent of an 'old country'-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Landscapes demonstrating styles in landscape design-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Landscapes of passive recreation-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Landscapes and gardens of domestic accommodation-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Landscapes of institutions - productive and ornamental-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Events-Activities and processes that mark the consequences of natural and cultural occurences Developing local landmarks-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Events-Activities and processes that mark the consequences of natural and cultural occurences Providing a venue for significant events-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Events-Activities and processes that mark the consequences of natural and cultural occurences Holding opening and dedication ceremonies-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Exploration-Activities associated with making places previously unknown to a cultural group known to them. Opening Up, 1818-39-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Exploration-Activities associated with making places previously unknown to a cultural group known to them. Exploring and surveying for the Crown-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Forestry-Activities associated with identifying and managing land covered in trees for commercial purposes. Timber getting-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Forestry-Activities associated with identifying and managing land covered in trees for commercial purposes. Arboretum - collection of trees for trials, display-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Health-Activities associated with preparing and providing medical assistance and/or promoting or maintaining the well being of humans Caring for the sick in hospitals-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Health-Activities associated with preparing and providing medical assistance and/or promoting or maintaining the well being of humans Operating convalescent and rehabilitation hospitals-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Mining-Activities associated with the identification, extraction, processing and distribution of mineral ores, precious stones and other such inorganic substances. Quarrying stone-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Pastoralism-Activities associated with the breeding, raising, processing and distribution of livestock for human use Livestock structures-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Pastoralism-Activities associated with the breeding, raising, processing and distribution of livestock for human use Pastoral and Agricultural Associations-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Pastoralism-Activities associated with the breeding, raising, processing and distribution of livestock for human use Sheep farming for wool-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Pastoralism-Activities associated with the breeding, raising, processing and distribution of livestock for human use Agisting and fattening stock for slaughter-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Pastoralism-Activities associated with the breeding, raising, processing and distribution of livestock for human use Modifying landscapes to increase productivity-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Pastoralism-Activities associated with the breeding, raising, processing and distribution of livestock for human use Pastoral homestead-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Pastoralism-Activities associated with the breeding, raising, processing and distribution of livestock for human use Working for pastoralists-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Pastoralism-Activities associated with the breeding, raising, processing and distribution of livestock for human use Beef cattle breeding and raising-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Science-Activities associated with systematic observations, experiments and processes for the explanation of observable phenomena Researching new agricultural industries-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Science-Activities associated with systematic observations, experiments and processes for the explanation of observable phenomena Researching new agricultural production techniques-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Science-Activities associated with systematic observations, experiments and processes for the explanation of observable phenomena Researching botany and botanical processes-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Science-Activities associated with systematic observations, experiments and processes for the explanation of observable phenomena Researching biology and biological processes-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Science-Activities associated with systematic observations, experiments and processes for the explanation of observable phenomena Horticultural experimentation, hybridising and acclimatisation-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Science-Activities associated with systematic observations, experiments and processes for the explanation of observable phenomena Experimenting with animals-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Science-Activities associated with systematic observations, experiments and processes for the explanation of observable phenomena Researching diseases and treatments-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Science-Activities associated with systematic observations, experiments and processes for the explanation of observable phenomena Researching agronomy and pastoral industries-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Science-Activities associated with systematic observations, experiments and processes for the explanation of observable phenomena Scientific promotion and education-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Housing famous families-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Accommodating students at university-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Country mansion-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Eccentric residence-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Architectural design-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Housing the prosperous - mansions in town and country-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Pastoral Homestead-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Surveying by Henry Dangar-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Naming places (toponymy)-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Changing land uses - from rural to suburban-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Resuming private lands for public purposes-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Sub-division of large estates-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Selecting land for pastoral or agricultural purposes-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Subdivision of rural estates-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages 20th century Suburban Developments-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Developing the social life of a rural community-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Creating landmark structures and places in regional settings-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Garden suburbs-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Impact of railways on suburban development-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Country Estate-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Decentralising metropolitan activities to provincial cities-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Beautifying towns and villages-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Workers organising workers-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working complex machinery and technologies-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working on pastoral stations-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Vocational training as a form of social rehabilitation-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working in offices-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working in health care-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working in universities and research-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Providing job training and placement services-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Government research station-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working in stables for the racing industry-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Servants quarters-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working with animals-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Being a part of a trades guild-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working on the land-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working with plants-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working from home-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working in schools, colleges and educational institutions-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working in the arts, on producing art-
6. Educating-Educating Education-Activities associated with teaching and learning by children and adults, formally and informally. Tertiary education-
6. Educating-Educating Education-Activities associated with teaching and learning by children and adults, formally and informally. Adult Education-
6. Educating-Educating Education-Activities associated with teaching and learning by children and adults, formally and informally. Community education - adults, school excursions-
6. Educating-Educating Education-Activities associated with teaching and learning by children and adults, formally and informally. University campus-
6. Educating-Educating Education-Activities associated with teaching and learning by children and adults, formally and informally. University research site or facility-
6. Educating-Educating Education-Activities associated with teaching and learning by children and adults, formally and informally. Place of writing and research-
6. Educating-Educating Education-Activities associated with teaching and learning by children and adults, formally and informally. Educating through memorials and exhibitions-
6. Educating-Educating Education-Activities associated with teaching and learning by children and adults, formally and informally. College boarding house-
6. Educating-Educating Education-Activities associated with teaching and learning by children and adults, formally and informally. Correspondence School-
6. Educating-Educating Education-Activities associated with teaching and learning by children and adults, formally and informally. Educating people in regional locations-
6. Educating-Educating Education-Activities associated with teaching and learning by children and adults, formally and informally. Adapted villa/ cottage for a school-
6. Educating-Educating Education-Activities associated with teaching and learning by children and adults, formally and informally. Teaching young or new farmers-
6. Educating-Educating Education-Activities associated with teaching and learning by children and adults, formally and informally. Public (tertiary) education-
6. Educating-Educating Education-Activities associated with teaching and learning by children and adults, formally and informally. Public (tertiary) education-
7. Governing-Governing Welfare-Activities and process associated with the provision of social services by the state or philanthropic organisations Convalescent hospital-
7. Governing-Governing Welfare-Activities and process associated with the provision of social services by the state or philanthropic organisations Hospital/nursing home phase-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Developing cultural institutions and ways of life-National Theme 8
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Performing important ceremonies and rituals-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Designing in an exemplary architectural style-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Architectural styles and periods - Federation Arts and Crafts-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Landscaping - Federation period-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Adaptation of overseas design for local use-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Landscaping - Victorian gardenesque style-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Building in response to climate - bushfires-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Designing landscapes in an exemplary style-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Designing structures to emphasise their important roles-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Building in response to natural landscape features.-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Designing making and using coats of arms and heraldry-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. work of stonemasons-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Interior design styles and periods - Edwardian-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Country estates - visiting, enjoying-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Ways of life 1900-1950-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Wealthy pastoralists homes in the city-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Living in a bushland setting-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Ornamental Garden-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Living in, adapting and renovating homes for changing conditions-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Kitchens and servants-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Living in a rural homestead-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation musical gatherings-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Outdoor relief-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Fox hunting-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Camping-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Horse jumping-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Playing football-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Playing cards-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Going drinking in bars or clubs-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Doing research-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Going to exhibitions-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Playing cricket-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Tourism-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Visiting gardens-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Glasshouse cultivation of plants-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Outdoor concerts and performances-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Playing billiards-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Playing tennis-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Going to the park-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Horse riding-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Swimming-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Activities associated with relaxation and recreation-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Gardening-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Going to the library-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Developing collections of items-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Enjoying picnics-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Going to talks and lectures-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Visiting heritage places-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Visiting heritage places-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Gathering at landmark places to socialise-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Going dancing-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Going bushwalking-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Going hunting and shooting-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Enjoying public parks and gardens-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Leisure-Includes tourism, resorts.
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Community volunteering-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Fund-raising activities for community charities-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Providing charity-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Belonging to a trade union-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Developing and maintaining a local museum-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Belonging to an institution for self improvement-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Joining together to study and appreciate philosophy-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Places of formal community gatherings-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Places of informal community gatherings-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Belonging to an historical society or heritage organisation-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Developing and maintaining a local library-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Living in a university college-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Commemorating war losses-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Community organisations-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Red Cross activities-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Sport-Activities associated with organised recreational and health promotional activities tennis-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Sport-Activities associated with organised recreational and health promotional activities football-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Sport-Activities associated with organised recreational and health promotional activities Private sporting facilities-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Sport-Activities associated with organised recreational and health promotional activities Hunting for sport-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Sport-Activities associated with organised recreational and health promotional activities cricket-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Sport-Activities associated with organised recreational and health promotional activities Billiards-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Sport-Activities associated with organised recreational and health promotional activities Celebrating sporting achievements-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Sport-Activities associated with organised recreational and health promotional activities Rugby Union-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Sport-Activities associated with organised recreational and health promotional activities Jogging-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups Associations with John Horbury Hunt, architect-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups Associations with Frederick Robert White, pastoralist-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups Associations with Lyon, Wells and Cottier, stained glass makers and interior designs-

Assessment of significance

SHR Criteria a)
[Historical significance] 		Booloominbah is evidence of the state significant act of White family benevolence. The donation of the property enabled the establishment of a University College, which eventually lead to the formation of the University of New England. While Booloominbah was donated by Frederick White's son-in-law, it is in keeping with his benevolence. White made substantial contributions to the construction of churches, all designed by Hunt, at Murrurundi, Blandford and Timor, as well as leaving sums of money to a wide range of charities on his death.

The donation of Booloominbah is of state significance through its association with a phase in NSW political history. Residents of the New England region were dissatisfied with their level of political representation and wanted to secede from NSW and form their own state. Called the New State Movement, it impacted on state politics from the 1920s until it was finally put to rest in the 1960s. Such was the pressure placed on the Government that three Royal Commissions (1923, 1929, 1934) were prepared to investigate the possibility. All found that any smaller state, centred on the New England region, could not be self-sufficient nor provide adequate infrastructure. Under the plans for the new state Armidale would become the educational centre and a university was seen as a prerequisite for statehood. While plans for a state of New England failed, pressure did begin the process of decentralising services, allowing a greater portion of the NSW population to access higher education. Booloominbah's conversion from a private residence into a University College building demonstrates the aspirations of the New State Movement.
SHR Criteria b)
[Associative significance] 		Booloominbah is of state significance through its association with John Horbury Hunt (1838-1904). Hunt was a prolific and high-prolific architect in New South Wales who was sort-after by wealthy professionals and pastoralists to design houses, as well as more utilitarian stables, woolsheds and other outbuildings. Hunt is perhaps best known for his ecclesiastical work, including several Cathedrals.

Hunt's showing at the Centennial International Exhibition, Melbourne in 1888 won him an honourable mention, evidence of his skill. His colleagues displayed their admiration of his work by electing him President of the Institute of Architects of New South Wales, of which he was a founding member. Hunt's confrontational attitudes to poor workmanship and professional conduct had previously forced him to resign from the Institute . His hard work, dedication and energy convinced members to re-admit him in 1887 and he was elected President in 1889. As President Hunt single-handedly wrote the necessary papers to formally incorporate the Institute and while he argued with most of his colleagues at one time or another, he was remembered as an active and effective President (Reynolds 2002, p.8). Higher in the current consciousness is the public appreciation of the beauty he created.

Booloominbah is intimately associated with the White family, of significant influence in the pastoral industry throughout the Upper Hunter and Tablelands. White's brothers held the State Heritage Registered 'Suaumarez' and the significant 'Belltrees' property. While Fredrick Robert is not as well known as his brothers, he was no less successful.
SHR Criteria c)
[Aesthetic significance] 		Booloominbah holds State aesthetic and technical heritage significance as one of the earliest and largest uses of domestic Arts and Crafts style in Australia. Plans for the house were drawn by John Horbury Hunt in 1883 and building was completed by 1888, 20 years before the style became widely popular. Booloominbah's architectural style is pre-dated by only a few houses, such as Alton (1882) in Victoria and Caerleon in NSW (1887), which were designed in England. It is therefore an early Australian-designed example of domestic Arts and Craft style.

Booloominbah possesses State aesthetic and technical heritage significance in the innovative manner in which Horbury Hunt adapted the country house form and Arts and Crafts style to Australia's climate. Hunt sympathetically incorporated verandahs, particularly evident on the southern elevation where the simple horizontal verandah provides ample shade in the summer, while contrasting with the vertical gabling of the roofline. Aesthetically the verandah adds to the State significance as the most ornately decorated example of Hunt's work, with a skirt of shingles and highly visible and beautifully executed wooden grotesques on the beam ends.

Booloominbah exhibits State aesthetic significance as a restored example of the collaborative efforts of owner, architect and decorating firm in displaying the wealth of the client. The house contains one of the largest collections of Pre-Raphaelite and early Australian flora and fauna motif stained glass. The centrepiece of the collection is what is commonly referred to as the Gordon Window. Located in the entrance hall, the window depicts seven scenes from the life of General Gordon, who became a Victorian hero during the Taiping Rebellion and Crimean War. The window was made by Lavers, Barraund and Westlake, a British firm and was probably commissioned in 1900-1. The remaining windows were supplied by Sydney firm of Lyon, Wells Cottier & Co. and were chosen to reflect the use of the room, English farming scenes and traditional meats in the dining room, for example. Andrew Wells, of the aforementioned firm, designed and painted the interior decoration and Booloominbah is an excellent example of his ten year Australian career.

A second element of the building's State aesthetic significance is the northern elevation, which includes finely detailed brickwork consisting of a three-ring arch and four receding orders around a doorway of cathedral proportions. Detailed, carefully executed brickwork is a hallmark of Hunt's designs and attention during supervision of the construction. Hunt's interpretation of Norman Shaw's Old English style has created a winter display of intermingling light and shade through the use of recessed bays to connect three projecting gables (Reynolds et. al 2002, p.128).
SHR Criteria d)
[Social significance] 		Booloominbah possesses State social and cultural significance as it represents the public face of the University of New England. As such, it is a memorable feature of the campus for the thousands of students who have passed through the University. Student tradition still surrounds Booloominbah. It is said that the wisteria flowers signal the beginning of intense preparation time, but if students wait until the roses bloom, it is too late (Mitchell 1988, p.68).
SHR Criteria e)
[Research potential] 		Booloominbah, as an early example of domestic Arts and Crafts style and in the adaptation of architectural styles to the Australian climate, is a State significant benchmark against which the development of these two aspects can be measured.
SHR Criteria f)
[Rarity] 		Booloominbah demonstrates State significant stained glass window designs, one of the earliest and most prolific inclusions of native Australian flora and fauna.

Booloominbah is of outstanding significance to the State as the largest house designed by Horbury Hunt, eclipsing Kirkham.
SHR Criteria g)
[Representativeness] 		Booloominbah is part of a group which collectively illustrates the State significant architectural design of John Horbury Hunt, combined with a fine example of the Queen Anne style of interior decoration, exemplified by the recently restored dining room with inglenook.

Booloominbah is part of a group of houses that collectively demonstrates the White family's social and economic standing in the NSW community. As such it represents one of the best examples of a large domestic house by the pastoralist class in this country.
Integrity/Intactness: Booloominbah remains physically intact and the basic fabric of the building remains. (Quinlan1998)
Assessment criteria: Items are assessed against the PDF State Heritage Register (SHR) Criteria to determine the level of significance. Refer to the Listings below for the level of statutory protection.

Recommended management:

Continued restoration of internal spaces to reflect the style of Booloominbah.

Recommendations

Management CategoryDescriptionDate Updated
Recommended ManagementProduce a Conservation Management Plan (CMP) 
Recommended ManagementPrepare a maintenance schedule or guidelines 
Recommended ManagementCarry out interpretation, promotion and/or education 

Procedures /Exemptions

Section of actDescriptionTitleCommentsAction date
57(2)Exemption to allow workHeritage Act - Site Specific Exemptions HERITAGE ACT, 1977

ORDER UNDER SECTION 57(2)

Booloominbah
51-61 Trevenna Road, Armidale

SHR No. 1768

I, the Minister Assisting the Minister for Planning, on the recommendation of the Heritage Council of New South Wales, in pursuance of section 57(2) of the Heritage Act, 1977, do, by this my order, grant an exemption from section 57(1) of the said Act in respect of the engaging in or carrying out of any activities described in Schedule C by the owner, mortgagee or lessee of the land described in Schedule B on the item described in Schedule A.




FRANK SARTOR, M.P.,
Minister for Planning


Sydney, 26 Day of October 2006


SCHEDULE A

The item known as the Booloominbah, 51-61 Trevenna Road, Armidale, situated on the land described in Schedule B.


SCHEDULE B

All those pieces or parcels of land known as Part Lot 1 DP 1074902 in Parish of Armidale, County of Sandon shown edged heavy black on the plan catalogued HC 2194 in the office of the Heritage Council of New South Wales.

SCHEDULE C

(a) Works associated with approved Armidale Dumaresq Council Development Application No.0506/0057. 		Nov 8 2006
57(2)Exemption to allow workStandard Exemptions HERITAGE ACT 1977

ORDER UNDER SECTION 57(2) TO GRANT STANDARD EXEMPTIONS FROM APPROVAL

I, Penny Sharpe, the Minister for Heritage, on the recommendation of the Heritage Council of New South Wales and under section 57(2) of the Heritage Act 1977:

revoke the order made on 2 June 2022 and published in the Government Gazette Number 262 of 17 June 2022; and

grant an exemption from section 57(1) of the Act in respect of the engaging in or carrying out the class of activities described in clause 2 Schedule A in such circumstances specified by the relevant standards in clause 2 Schedule A and General Conditions in clause 3 Schedule A.

This Order takes effect on the date it is published in the NSW Government Gazette.

Dated this 29th day of October 2025
The Hon Penny Sharpe MLC
Minister for Heritage

For more information on standard exemptions click on the link below. 		Nov 7 2025

PDF Standard exemptions for engaging in or carrying out activities / works otherwise prohibited by section 57(1) of the Heritage Act 1977

Listings

Heritage ListingListing TitleListing NumberGazette DateGazette NumberGazette Page
Heritage Act - State Heritage RegisterBooloominbah0176808 Nov 06 1339489
Local Environmental PlanArmidale Local Environmental Plan 2012I11707 Nov 12 15410538
National Trust of Australia register NTA (NSW) Country Register519   
Register of the National EstateBooloominbah & two gate lodges287; 13919; 1392021 Mar 78   

Study details

TitleYearNumberAuthorInspected byGuidelines used
Armidale Heritage Study1990 Perumal Murphy Wu  Yes
National Trust Country Register0519National Trust of Australia (NSW)  No

References, internet links & images

TypeAuthorYearTitleInternet Links
Tourism 2007The Booloominbah Collection View detail
Written   
GraphicArmidale City Council Archives (not stated)
TourismAttraction Homepage2007Armidale Heritage Drive View detail
TourismAttraction Homepage2007The Booloominbah Collection View detail
WrittenCarr, John1996Booloominbah Redevelopment - Needs Statement
WrittenClive Lucas, Stapleton & Partners1992Conservation Study and Analysis of Booloominbah
WrittenHeritage Division paper file1992H92/1004;
WrittenJammu Kashmir Tourism Official2021The Amar Mahal Palace, Jammu View detail
WrittenJohn Carr Architects1998Interim Report 7.9.98 UNE Boolominbah Dining Room Restoration
WrittenMitchell, Bruce1988House on the Hill Booloominbah
WrittenOates, Bill2022Armidale's Booloominbah gardens - a history in photographs View detail
WrittenQuinlan, Mike1998NSW State Heritage Inventory Form
WrittenReynolds, Peter, Lesley Muir and Joy Hughes2002John Horbury Hunt: Radical Architect 1838-1904

Note: internet links may be to web pages, documents or images.
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Data source

The information for this entry comes from the following source:
Name: Heritage NSW
Database number: 5001279
File number: EF14/4322; 09/3085; H06/223

Every effort has been made to ensure that information contained in the State Heritage Inventory is correct. If you find any errors or omissions please send your comments to the Database Manager.

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