Tusculum

Item details


Name of item:	Tusculum
Type of item:	Built
Group/Collection:	Residential buildings (private)
Category:	Villa
Location:	Lat: -33.8711460893 Long: 151.2245241990
Primary address:	1-3 Manning Street, Potts Point, NSW 2011
Parish:	Alexandria
County:	Cumberland
Local govt. area:	Sydney
Local Aboriginal Land Council:	La Perouse

Property description

Lot/Volume Code	Lot/Volume Number	Section Number	Plan/Folio Code	Plan/Folio Number
LOT	1		DP	710723
LOT	2		DP	710723

Boundary:

Property size is 1473 square meters

All addresses

Street Address	Suburb/town	LGA	Parish	County	Type
1-3 Manning Street	Potts Point	Sydney	Alexandria	Cumberland	Primary Address

Owner/s

Organisation Name	Owner Category	Date Ownership Updated
Powerhouse Museum	State Government
Powerhouse Museum	General

Statement of significance:


	The principal cultural significance of Tusculum is its use as a residence by William Grant Broughton, first Bishop of Australia from 1836 to 1847, (1847-1852, Bishop of Sydney), during almost the entire period of his episcopacy. After Government House, it assumed the status of the most important domestic building in the colony. Designed by the prominent architect, John Verge for entrepreneur A.B. Spark, it was one of the first villas to be erected on Woolloomooloo Hill, as part of an elaborate attempt by the Colonial Government to establish a prestigious enclave for the gentry in the 1830s. It has very strong historical and architectural associations with its contemporary neighbour Rockwall, also designed by Verge. This pair are among a handful of colonial villas to have survived. Apart from Bishop Broughton, the house is associated with many other prominent Sydney figures including Spark, a colonial merchant whose rapid rise and decline with the collapse of the Bank of Australia mirrored the depression of the 1840s. The house signified the rise to respectability of the emancipist and former publican, William Long and his son William Alexander Long (responsible for major alterations and additions in the 1860s), It was associated with the politician the Hon Henry Edward Kater; the prominent lawyer Sir James Martin, the Lord Mayor of Sydney Sir William Manning and Orwell Phillips. It is one of the few colonial houses in Sydney to display the attributes of a villa, with basement work areas and stair, demonstrating the "upstairs/downstairs" nature of domestic administration, typical of nineteenth century English houses. It is an excellent example of the transformation of a Regency villa of high architectural quality into a mid-Victorian Italianate mansion (Clive Lucas & Partners, 1985, 48).
	Date significance updated: 03 Jul 12
	Note: The State Heritage Inventory provides information about heritage items listed by local and State government agencies. The State Heritage Inventory is continually being updated by local and State agencies as new information becomes available. Read the Department of Premier and Cabinet copyright and disclaimer.

Description


Designer/Maker:	John Verge (original); John Frederick Hilly; John Burcham Clamp (1900s modifications)
Builder/Maker:	John White (1905 additions)
Construction years:	1831-1837
Physical description:	Site/setting: Tusculum today is hemmed in by apartment buildings, with several 8 or 9 storey Art Deco blocks between it and Macleay Street to its east, and lower 3 storey flats facing Manning Street to its west. Tusculum's garden has been reduced to a crushed sandstone paved car parking area, adjoining the villa to its east. A small open space to its north between verandah and Manning Street perimeter (wrought iron and sandstone) fence. The portico on the villa's eastern facade protruded into its (once) eastern garden but has been removed. A few steps lead up from the car parking area onto the verandah on this side. Villa: Tusculum is a large two storey Regency mansion designed by John Verge, built 1831-35. Constructed from stuccoed brickwork it is surrounded on three sides by a fine Classical two storey verandah of the Ionic order, probably built sometime in the 1870s. Cedar of interiors imported from Lebanon; marble for flooring and chimney pieces imported from Tusculum in Italy. High shuttered French doors open on the broad verandahs. Original low pitched slate roof is now covered with tiles. (Australian Heritage Commission). Tusculum is one of the few remaining Regency houses remaining in Sydney. It is one of the few colonial houses to display the attributes of a villa with basement offices and stair. It is surrounded on three sides by a fine classical two storey verandah, built some time in the late 1870s. Cedar used in the construction was imported from Lebanon and used extensively in panelled ceilings and later extended to the verandahs (HCoNSW, 1983, 1). The portico, in matching design, was removed several years ago (HCoNSW, 1983, 1).
Physical condition and/or Archaeological potential:	Very good, maintained by the Royal Australian Institute of Architects.
	Date condition updated:12 Jan 05
Modifications and dates:	Gardens and grounds: The setting which Tusculum once had, with a frontage to Woolloomooloo Bay, has been irretrievably destroyed. Although the removal of the 1920s and 1930s flats to the west (facing Tusculum Street) would enable the west faade (or original garden front) of the house to be revealed, such action, in itself, would not recapture the aesthetic significance of Tusculum as one of the villas of Woolloomooloo Hill, able to be seen from the city, as in the 19th century. Such action, would, however, assist in the appreciation of the exterior of the house and its villa form, and would enhance the quality and use of the internal spaces. The original garden of Tusculum has been progressively alienated over the years, and the present setting represents only a small portion of the former garden. It would therefore not be possible to reconstruct the garden which once existed around the house. However it is possible to construct a garden as an appropriate setting for the house (CMP, 1985, section 6.4.7 Setting & 6.4.8 Garden). - An appropriate setting for the building should be provided and maintained; - The practical impossibility of reconstructing the elaborate 19th century garden of Tusculum should be recognised; - The front fence to Manning Street should be reconstructed to its c.1920 state (from photographic evidence (CMP, 1985, (Policy) 7.5 Setting). The spacious setting which Tusculum once enjoyed as one of the villas of Woolloomooloo Hill, has been savagely eroded by a series of subdivisions. There is no visible evidence of the 19th century garden of Tusculum. Archaeological investigation may produce some evidence (CMP, 1985, section 4.3.3 Garden - original). 1836 alterations to suit first tenant, Bishop Broughtoon 1860s: major alterations and additions (Long family ownership; likely using architect J.F.Hilly) late 1870s: three sided fine classical two storey verandah added. Cedar used in the construction was imported from Lebanon and used extensively in panelled ceilings and later extended to the verandahs (HCoNSW, 1983, 1). 1905-6: alterations and additions - Billiards Room (Isaacs and Phillips family ownership; using architect J.Burcham Clamp) Post 1920 modifications evidence includes: 1928: Drawing of H.E. Ross and Rowe, Architects, and Consulting Engineers, dated February 1928, approved March 1928. Work included: Demolition of steps to verandah on western side-Construction of bathrooms and WCs on western verandah at both levels - RSJs to ceiling of Billiard Room - SW wing (Billiard Room) chimney, chimney breasts and fireplaces demolished - Alterations to room over Billiard Room for operating Theatre; wall repositioned, new doors-Construction of new sterilising room, supported by concrete column below - New Doctor's dressing room - now removed - Construction of bathroom on northern verandah at ground floor- Glass partitions to eastern verandah, near entrance - WC removed from - WC removed from near upper stair (SE wing) - Construction of rooms on eastern verandah (first floor) 1933: On the drawing of Spain and Cosh, Architects, dated April 1933, approved 16th June, 1933. Work included: First floor SE wing completely rebuilt (at higher level) -New stairs and other alterations at southern end of SE -Western wall (external), repositioned - External door to relocated - Construction of new rooms on eastern verandah (first floor) - Space F10 enlarged and former bathroom made open - Construction of bathroom and WC on first floor northern verandah -New partitions and an opening enlarged to stair hall. 1954: A measured drawing, prepared by C.C. Phillips, Architect, dated 22nd February 1954 shows a number of items not included in the 1933 Spain and Cosh plan. - Fireplace to removed (breast relocated) - Porte cochere still in existence - Doctors' dressing room still in existance, Additional partition. - Verandah divided into 5 rooms. 1956: A drawing by C.C. Phillips dated 23rd March 1956 shows a proposed three-storey wing with eighteen hotel rooms (120 feet by 19 feet). This proposal did not proceed,and in September that year a further scheme was prepared. A drawing dated 14th September 1956 indicates major alterations and additions to Tusculum, accommodating 34 units. As with C.C. Phillips' earlier proposal of March 1956, this work was not undertaken. (Clive Lucas & Partners P/L 1985 Pages 10-13). The portico, in fine Classical design, was removed several years ago (HCoNSW, 1983, 1). 1985-87: Conservation works between 1985-87 included the demolitions of accretions to reveal the original form of the building while preserving significant elements and components including the Edwardian staircase. (Clive Lucas & Partners P/L 1985 '7.0 Draft Conservation Policy' Pages 60-64. A set of Working Drawings is held by RAIA (NSW Chapter).
Further information:	In 1919 a special issue of 'Art in Australia' was published, edited by Sydney Ure Smith and Bertram Stevens in collaboration with William Hardy Wilson. It was the editors' desire 'to set forth in the finest form possible what good work had been done in one branch of the art of architecture in this country.' A photograph of Tusculum by Harold Cazneaux was included in this publication. It was one of the first buildings to achieve such recognition as a residence of architectural distinction at that date. Tusculum has been leased for 99 years at a peppercorn rate to the RAIA NSW Chapter in return for conservation of the main building and long term maintenance.


Current use:	offices, events
Former use:	Aboriginal land, town lot, residence

History

Historical notes:

Aboriginal history:
The "Eora people" was the name given to the coastal Aborigines around Sydney. Central Sydney is therefore often referred to as "Eora Country". Within the City of Sydney local government area, the traditional owners are the Cadigal and Wangal bands of the Eora. There is no written record of the name of the language spoken and currently there are debates as whether the coastal peoples spoke a separate language "Eora" or whether this was actually a dialect of the Dharug language. Remnant bushland in places like Blackwattle Bay retain elements of traditional plant, bird and animal life, including fish and rock oysters.

With the invasion of the Sydney region, the Cadigal and Wangal people were decimated but there are descendants still living in Sydney today. All cities include many immigrants in their population. Aboriginal people from across the state have been attracted to suburbs such as Pyrmont, Balmain, Rozelle, Glebe and Redfern since the 1930s. Changes in government legislation in the 1960s provided freedom of movement enabling more Aboriginal people to choose to live in Sydney (Anita Heiss, "Aboriginal People and Place", Barani: Indigenous History of Sydney City http://www.cityofsydney.nsw.gov.au/barani).

The Aboriginal name for Potts Point is Derrawunn (Sydney City Council, 2019).

In the 1830s the whole area from Potts Point to Kings Cross and up to Oxford Street was known as Darlinghurst- probably named in honour of Governor Ralph Darling (1824-31)'s wife, Eliza. The rocky ridge that extended inland from Potts Point was called Eastern or Woolloomooloo Hill from the early days of white settlement. The earliest grant of land on Woolloomooloo Hill was made to Judge-Advocate John Wylde in 1822. In 1830 Wylde sold six of his 11 acres on the Point to Joseph Hyde Potts, accountant to the Bank of NSW, after whom Potts Point is named.

By the late 1820s Sydney was a crowded, disorderly and unsanitary town closely settled around the Rocks and Sydney Cove, with a European population of around 12000. Governor Darling was receiving applications from prominent Sydney citizens for better living conditions. The ridge of Woolloomooloo Hill beckoned, offering proximity to town and incomparable views from the Blue Mountains to the heads of Sydney Harbour.

In 1828 Darling ordered the subdivision of Woolloomooloo Hill into suitable 'town allotments' for large residences and extensive gardens. He then issued 'deeds of grant' to select members of colonial society (in particular, his senior civil servants). The first 7 grants were issued in 1828, with the other allotments formally granted in 1831.

The private residences that were built on the grants were required to meet Darling's so-called 'villa conditions' which were possibly determined and overseen by his wife, who had architectural skills. These ensured that only one residence was built on each grant to an approved standard and design, that they were each set within a generous amount of landscaped land and that, in most cases, they faced the town. By the mid-1830s the parade of 'white' villas down the spine of Woolloomooloo Hill presented a picturesque sight, and was visible from the harbour and town of Sydney. (State Library, 2002).

Tusculum was named by its original owner, Alexander Brodie Spark (1792-1856), after a town in the Alban Hills, 10 kilometres south-east of Rome where wealthy Romans built luxurious villas - that of Cicero being especially famous. The name of A.B. Spark's other property, 'Tempe' also has classical origins.

The term 'villa' was first used in England in the 17th century, partly from the Latin and Italian 'country house, farm', perhaps derived from the stem of vicus (village). The villa was a country mansion or residence, together with a farm, farm-buildings, or other house attached, built or occupied by a person of some position and wealth. It was taken to include a country seat or estate and later a residence in the country or in the neighbourhood of a town, usually standing in its own grounds. From this is was appropriated by the middleof the 18th century to mean a residence of a superior type, in the suburbs of a town or in a residential district, such as that occupied by a person of the middle class, and also a small, better-class dwelling house, usually detached or semi-detached. The term 'villa garden' was used in the context of Hobart and Sydney residences in the 1830s, and if near the coast or harbour, the appellation 'marine villa' was often applied. Australian origins probably date from the grant conditions applied to Sydney's Woolloomooloo Hill (1827, under Governor Darling), which obligated the construction of villas fulfilling certain conditions... 'with garden like domain, and external offices for stables and domestic economy' (John Buonarotti Papworth, 1825, quoted in James Broadbent's 1997 book, 'The Australian Colonial House'). Many gardens of 19th century villas followed Gardenesque conventions, with garden ornaments often complementing the architecture of the house. The term had acquired such widespread usage by the 1850s that when Jane Loudon issued a new editiion of her husband (John Claudius Loudon)'s 'Suburban Gardener and Villa Companion' (1838) she merely entitled the revised work 'The Villa Gardener' (1850). This coincided with a growing period of suburbanisation in Australia with consequent fostering of the nursery trade... By the 1880s, descriptions of Australian villas implied sufficient room for a lawn on two or three fronts of the residence...(Aitken, 2002, 619-20).

The building of the house signified Spark's rise to good fortune during the 1820s. He arrived in Sydney as free settler in 1823. His success in shipping and commerce meant that he was quickly accepted as an influential member of colonial society. Spark had received a literary education, which may account for the naming of his villa. His 1828 grant of over 9 acres was one of the few original grants made to a private citizen. John Verge's plan for Tusculum was approved by Governor Darling in 1830. Spark probably built it as an investment property, as he only lived there for a brief period. The villa was under construction from 1831-5. (State Library, 2002).

The villa was built between 1831 and 1836. The name, 'Tusculum' also derives from the origins of the Italian marble flooring and chimney pieces within, now removed (HCoNSW, 1988, 8). Spark sent a plan of his proposed house to the Colonial Secretary on 1st June 1830, explaining that it had been prepared for some time, but that he had wanted to make it more 'ornamental'. This is 10 months prior to the first reference to Spark's house in John Verge's ledger. It is possible that Spark may have had the earlier plan prepared independently and engaged Verge to assist in making it 'more ornamental'. Verge's Ledger records details of the commission from 'Plans' in 1831 to 'Details for Pilasters front door of' shortly before completion in 1836.

Spark's failure to occupy it symbolised his financial decline, the collapse of the Bank of Australia and the depression of the 1840s.

Alterations were made in 1836 to suit its first tenant, Anglican Bishop, William Broughton. The Broughtons made Tusculum a centre of hospitality and, after Government House, it was the most important domestic building in the colony. (State Library, 2002). The Broughton papers contain several references to the unfinished state of the house when he moved in during 1836, and the alterations and improvements he undertook 'to bring the premises into a state of decency.'
In Broughton's early years at Tusculum a garden was established - there are references to a kitchen garden, rose trees from England etc. In 1839 he had shelves put up for his library so that his books could be 'released from captivity, and placed in security from damp and dust'.

An interesting letter from Emily Crawley (nee Broughton) to Phoebe Boydell, dated 22nd September 1850, describes the accommodation arrangements at Tusculum for the Conference of Australasian Bishops held in October that year. Bishop Broughton lived at Tusculum from 1836 to 1851 - for almost the full length of his episcopacy. He appears to have been occasionally unsettled by his accommodation, with numerous references in his letters to his desire to relocate. Broughton had difficulty in obtaining suitable alternative accommodation, and became resigned to the circumstances of Tusculum.

Broughton took out another lease on the property for seven years in 1848 at (Pounds)300 p.a. (letter to Coleridge, 16th February 1848) - 'lt is a sad, imperfect place and anything but episcopal in pretensions: but it is in a cheerful situation and good air, and answers my, purposes tolerably well.'

By 1843 there was a serious financial crisis in the colony, and the Darlinghurst grantees suffered. They pressed for the freedom to subdivide their land, and Sydney's first exclusive suburb opened up to investors. From the early 1850s, the Gold Rush boosted the economy, and interest in the land available at Darlinghurst grew. The first subdivisions occurred around the edges of the original grants, with blocks of a size that allowed other grand houses to be built and new streets formed. In the 1870s, heavy land taxes imposed by the administration of the Premier, Sir Henry Parkes, led to another wave of subdivisions of the original grants. The late 19th century saw the final demise of the grounds surrounding the original villas, and in some cases, the villas themselves. (State Library, 2002).

Broughton was no longer living at Tusculum in 1851, the year prior to his departure. Tusculum was then purchased by William Long (Clive Lucas & Partners P/L (Ref 1), 8-9). The authorship of the substantial alterations undertaken at Tusculum for Long is not certain. It is likely that John F. Hilly may have been the architect. Hilly did a lot of work in the Potts Point, Darlinghurst and Woolloomooloo areas and owned a local quarry. The cast iron balustrade design on the verandahs at Tusculum is very similar to those at Fiona, Edgecliff (1864), Guntawang (1869-70) and the Prince of Wales Theatre (1863) all works of Hilly.

Tusculum was auctioned on 21st October 1904. Lewis Edward Isaacs bid (Pounds)3,750 for Lot 1 which included the house. Isaacs engaged the architect, John Burcham Clamp to undertake extensive alterations to the staircase and stair hall and a tender was let to Mr. John White. Tusculum was purchased by Orwell and Alfred Phillips in 1906. Orwell later purchased his brother's share in the property. It is likely that Burcham Clamp was also responsible for the Billiard Room addition. He did other work for the Phillips family (such as a house at Moss Vale, c.1915). (Note: Later owners and their modifications are documented under Modifications).

Later owners included the politician, the Hon. Henry Edward Kater and prominent lawyer and politician, the Hon. Sir James Martin.

Later it was residence of Sir William Manning, sometime Lord Mayor of Sydney. In 1927 it became a hospital (HCoNSW, 1988, 8).

In the 1920s and 1930s, the original villas and the later grand 19th century residences were demolished to make way for blocks of flats, hotels and later, soaring towers of units. Today only 5 of the original 17 villas still stand, with the lost villas and other grand houses commemorated in the names of the streets of Potts Point, Darlinghurst and Kings Cross (State Library, 2002).

The demolition in 1961 of Subiaco, another John Verge building, was a landmark in the evolution of the conservation movement in New South Wales, which brought about the green bans of the early 1970s and led to the introduction of the Heritage Act 1977. A permanent conservation order was placed on Tusculum in December 1979 (HCoNSW, 1988, 8).

Tusculum was used as a serviceman's club during WW2 and a private nursing home.

Tusculum was vacant from early 1982.

More recently it was used as a religious centre. It had been vacant for approximately one year and been occupied by squatters and badly vandalised. Fortunately, the main part of the house, including the joinery, shutters and panelled ceilings, remained intact. A number of recent fires virtually destroyed the later rear additions, endangering not only the main building but also a number of nearby flats (HCoNSW, 1983, 1).

When its deteriorating condition was brought to the Heritage Council's attention, it served a notice on the owner to show cause why certain repairs had not been carried out. An order was then made requiring these works to be completed. This was ignored. In April 1983, the State Government undertook a compulsory resumption of the property, at a cost of $1.03m (HCoNSW, 1988, 8), being the first under the provisions of the (then) recently gazetted NSW Heritage Act 1977.

Subsequently, negotiations with the Royal Australian Institute of Architects (NSW Chapter) began, to purchase the vacant part of the property and lease Tusculum for 99 years as its NSW headquarters, on condition that it is responsible as custodian for restoration and maintenance of the building and making it available for public enjoyment. The Government sold the freehold of the back section of the site to the RAIA and the Heritage Council gave permission for a new building to be constructed adjoining and behind the villa. Restoration work was undertaken by the RAIA in accordance with the conservation plan prepared by Clive Lucas, an expert on Verge and his architecture, at a cost of $785,000 (HCoNSW, 1988, 8).

The two buildings operate as one complex, a combination of restored 19th century heritage and quality 1980s architecture. The restoration is intended to evoke the early to mid Victorian period and was completed in 1987. Both buildings were officially opened by the Premier of NSW on 11 March 1988 (Press release RAIA c1988). The new building was subject of a national competition, won by architectural firm Levine & Durbach. It houses the RAIA and subsidiary organisations, a 143 seat auditorium, foyer gallery spaces, bookshop, library and offices. The restored villa is used for meeting rooms, a gallery and for receptions.

Historic themes

Australian theme (abbrev)	New South Wales theme	Local theme
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments	Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures.	Other open space-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments	Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures.	Gardens-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments	Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures.	Changing the environment-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings	Developing local, regional and national economies-National Theme 3
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings	Landscapes and parklands of distinctive styles-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings	Landscapes of urban amenity-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings	Landscapes and gardens of domestic accommodation-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings	Gardens and landscapes reminiscent of an 'old country'-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings	Landscapes demonstrating styles in landscape design-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings	Landscapes of institutions - productive and ornamental-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Health-Activities associated with preparing and providing medical assistance and/or promoting or maintaining the well being of humans	Converting Premises for Rest and Recreation purposes-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Health-Activities associated with preparing and providing medical assistance and/or promoting or maintaining the well being of humans	Caring for the sick in hospitals-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Health-Activities associated with preparing and providing medical assistance and/or promoting or maintaining the well being of humans	Operating private and religious hospitals-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Residential-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	A Picturesque Residential Suburb-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Housing townsfolk - urban villas-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Adapted heritage building or structure-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Architectural design-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Housing (inner city)-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Housing the prosperous - mansions in town and country-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Housing public servants and officials-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Housing the clergy and religious-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Gentlemens Mansions-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Housing famous families-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Housing professional people-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal	1820s-1850s land grants-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal	Housing-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal	Sub-division of large estates-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal	Changing land uses - from rural to suburban-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages	19th century suburban developments-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages	Subdivision of urban estates-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages	Urban residential estates-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages	Creating landmark structures and places in suburban settings-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages	living in the suburbs-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages	A Picturesque Residential District-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages	Garden suburbs-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages	Cultural Social and religious life-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages	Indicators of early town planning and the disposition of people within the emerging settlement-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages	Developing suburbia-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages	Creating landmark structures and places in urban settings-
5. Working-Working	Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour	Working in offices-
7. Governing-Governing	Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities.	Developing roles for government - providing rail transport-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities.	Adaptation of overseas design for local use-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities.	Architectural styles and periods - colonial Italianate-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions.	Ways of life 1788-1850-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions.	Ways of life 1850-1900-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions.	Ways of life 1900-1950-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions.	Ways of life 1950-2000-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions.	Living on the urban fringe-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions.	Living in suburbia-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions.	Ornamental Garden-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions.	Kitchens and servants-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions.	Living in a new house-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions.	Living in, adapting and renovating homes for changing conditions-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions.	Living and working at home-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions.	At home with a national leader-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation	Gathering at landmark places to socialise-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation	Gardening-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation	Activities associated with relaxation and recreation-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation	Visiting heritage places-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation	Going to talks and lectures-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation	Going to an art gallery-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation	Leisure-Includes tourism, resorts.
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Religion-Activities associated with particular systems of faith and worship	Gentlemen's Villas-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Religion-Activities associated with particular systems of faith and worship	parsonage, manse, vicarage, rectory, verger's cottage-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Religion-Activities associated with particular systems of faith and worship	Practising Anglicanism-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Religion-Activities associated with particular systems of faith and worship	Practising Anglicanism-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities	Places of formal community gatherings-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities	Places of informal community gatherings-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities	Belonging to an historical society or heritage organisation-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities	Community organisations-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities	Developing clubs for social improvement-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Bishop William Grant Broughton, Anglican bishop of Australia-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Slim Dusty-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Clive Lucas, conservation architect-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with John Verge, architect-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with John Frederick Hilly, architect-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Governor (Mjr-Gen., later Gnl., Sir) Ralph Darling and Eliza Darling, 1826-1830-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Emily Crawley (nee Broughton), gentlewoman-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Lewis Edward Isaacs, gentleman-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with John Burcham Clamp, architect-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Orwell Phillips, architect-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Alfred Phillips, gentleman-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Sir William Manning, sometime Lord Mayor of Sydney-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Levine and Durbach, architects-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with William Long, emancipist and publican-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with William Alexander Long, landowner-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with the Hon. Henry Edward Kater, politician-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with the Hon. Sir James Martin, prominent lawyer, politician-

Assessment of significance


SHR Criteria a) [Historical significance]	Designed by the famous architect John Verge, Tusculum is one of the finest Regency mansions in Sydney remaining from the early Colonial period. It was built between 1831-35 for wealthy merchant A B Spark but its first occupant was Bishop Broughton, first Bishop of Australia. The building retains important historical associations with many famous people of the early Colonial era.Together with its neighbour 'Rockwall', also by John Verge, Tusculum was one of the first villas built on Woolloomooloo Hill as part of the Colonial Government’s attempt to establish a prestigious enclave for the gentry in the 1830s. It retains strong historical and architectural associations with Rockwall, one of the few other colonial villas to have survived. (Clive Lucas & Partners, pp49-49)
SHR Criteria c) [Aesthetic significance]	A building of elegant detail and proportion, Tusculum retains strong associations with Rockwall, as two related works by the one architect in the same locale. Tusculum is one of the few colonial houses to display the attributes of a villa, with basement service rooms and stair. It is an excellent example of the transformation of a Regency villa of high architectural quality into a mid-Victorian Italianate mansion. (Clive Lucas & Partners, pp48-49)
SHR Criteria d) [Social significance]	During its occupation by Bishop Broughton, it assumed the status of the most important domestic building in the colony, after Government House. As a social document, Tusculum demonstrates the 'upstairs / downstairs' nature of domestic administration, typical of nineteenth century English houses. In its association with A B Spark, it symbolises a rise in his fortune in the 1820s, financial decline with the collapse of the Bank of Australia, through to the depression of the 1840s. It is the principal physical manifestation of the life of the emancipist William Long and his family whose occupation, alterations and substantial additions indicate his rise to fortune social acceptance as a merchant. (Clive Lucas & Partners, pp48-49) Tusculum was one of a few buildings to achieve recognition in the early twentieth century as a residence of significance reflecting a growing maturity. Its resumption by the New South Wales Government was the first instance of the application of the provisions of the NSW Heritage Act, 1977 and indicates awareness and acceptance of the principles of heritage conservation. In the custody of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects NSW Chapter, Tusculum has been restored to evoke the early to mid-Victorian period. It is accessible to the public through public openings and through its use as a conference and meeting venue in association with the activities of the RAIA. (Press release RAIA c March 1988)
SHR Criteria e) [Research potential]	The site offers potential to explore the construction techniques and materials of Colonial Sydney and of later periods and as an example for comparative analysis of a rare villa design.
SHR Criteria f) [Rarity]	One of a handful of colonial villas and a rare surviving work of John Verge, a prominent architect of colonial times.
Integrity/Intactness:	Retaining significant components of the original Verge design, with overlays of other periods particularly 1870's verandah rework and internal stair modifications dating to Edwardian times. Accretions removed in 1980s conservation work include fire-damage.
Assessment criteria:	Items are assessed against the State Heritage Register (SHR) Criteria to determine the level of significance. Refer to the Listings below for the level of statutory protection.

Recommended management:

Update Fabric Survey and Conservation Analysis to indicate original fabric after conservation works completed in 1987. It would therefore not be possible to reconstruct the garden which once existed around the house. However it is possible to construct a garden as an appropriate setting for the house (CMP, 1985, section 6.4.7 Setting & 6.4.8 Garden). - An appropriate setting for the building should be provided and maintained; - The practical impossibility of reconstructing the elaborate 19th century garden of Tusculum should be recognised; - The front fence to Manning Street should be reconstructed to its c.1920 state (from photographic evidence (CMP, 1985, (Policy) 7.5 Setting). The spacious setting which Tusculum once enjoyed as one of the villas of Woolloomooloo Hill, has been savagely eroded by a series of subdivisions. There is no visible evidence of the 19th century garden of Tusculum. Archaeological investigation may produce some evidence (CMP, 1985, section 4.3.3 Garden - original).

Procedures /Exemptions

Section of act	Description	Title	Comments	Action date
57(2)	Exemption to allow work	Heritage Act	Record converted from HIS events. Refer to standard exemptions gazetted 23 October 1998. Order under Section 57(2) to exempt the following activities from Section 57(1): with respect to the carrying out of an activity by the Council of the City of Sydney pursuant to an Order by that Council under sections 317B or 317D of the Local Government Act, 1919, subject to the prior approval of the Heritage Council of NSW, on the building known as 'Tusculum', Nos 1-3 Manning Street Potts Point.	Dec 31 1982
57(2)	Exemption to allow work	Standard Exemptions	HERITAGE ACT 1977 ORDER UNDER SECTION 57(2) TO GRANT STANDARD EXEMPTIONS FROM APPROVAL I, Penny Sharpe, the Minister for Heritage, on the recommendation of the Heritage Council of New South Wales and under section 57(2) of the Heritage Act 1977: revoke the order made on 2 June 2022 and published in the Government Gazette Number 262 of 17 June 2022; and grant an exemption from section 57(1) of the Act in respect of the engaging in or carrying out the class of activities described in clause 2 Schedule A in such circumstances specified by the relevant standards in clause 2 Schedule A and General Conditions in clause 3 Schedule A. This Order takes effect on the date it is published in the NSW Government Gazette. Dated this 29th day of October 2025 The Hon Penny Sharpe MLC Minister for Heritage For more information on standard exemptions click on the link below.	Nov 7 2025

Standard exemptions for engaging in or carrying out activities / works otherwise prohibited by section 57(1) of the Heritage Act 1977

Listings

Heritage Listing	Listing Number	Gazette Date	Gazette Number	Gazette Page
Heritage Act - State Heritage Register	00027	02 Apr 99	27	1546
Heritage Act - Permanent Conservation Order - former	00027	14 Dec 79	178	6350
Heritage Act - s.170 NSW State agency heritage register
National Trust of Australia register	10587	05 Apr 76
Register of the National Estate	2034	21 Mar 78

References, internet links & images

Type	Author	Year	Title	Internet Links
Written	Aitken, Richard	2002	Villa Garden (entry)	View detail
Tourism	Attraction Homepage	2007	Passion Walking Tour	View detail
Written	Casey & Lowe Archaeologists	2010	Tusculum Forecourt Carpark - Archaeological Monitoring
Written	Casey & Lowe Archaeologists	2010	Tusculum, 3 Manning Street, Potts Point - Archaeological Site Inspection 2 February 2010
Written	Clive Lucas & Partners Pty Ltd.	1985	Tusculum 1-3 Manning Street Potts Point, NSW, Australia: conservation analysis and draft conservation policy arising out of the statement of cultural significance
Written	David Liddle	2004	Archival heritage record, first floor renovations, Tusculum, Potts Point
Written	Heritage Council of NSW	1988	RAIA NSW Headquarters Opened
Written	Heritage Council of NSW	1983	'Tusculum resumed'
Written	State Library of NSW	2002	Villas of Darlinghurst (exhibition catalogue), entry on Tusculum
Written	Sydney City Council	2019	Cartographica - Sydney on the Map
Written	Terry Kass	1983	History of "Tusculum", 1-3 Manning Street, Potts Point.

Note: internet links may be to web pages, documents or images.

(Click on thumbnail for full size image and image details)

Data source


The information for this entry comes from the following source:
Name:	Heritage NSW
Database number:	5045157
File number:	10/03818; S90/06199 & HC 32078

Every effort has been made to ensure that information contained in the State Heritage Inventory is correct. If you find any errors or omissions please send your comments to the Database Manager.

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