Duntryleague and Setting (under consideration)

Item details


Name of item:	Duntryleague and Setting (under consideration)
Other name/s:	Orange Golf Club, Campdale, Boree Inn
Type of item:	Landscape
Group/Collection:	Landscape - Cultural
Category:	Historic Landscape
Location:	Lat: -33.2771782578 Long: 149.0818538550
Primary address:	195 Woodward Street, Orange, NSW 2800
Parish:	Orange
County:	Wellington
Local govt. area:	Orange
Local Aboriginal Land Council:	Orange

Property description

Lot/Volume Code	Lot/Volume Number	Section Number	Plan/Folio Code	Plan/Folio Number
LOT	161		DP	1281777

Boundary:

The property is contained within Lot 161 DP 1281777 and is bounded by Woodward Street (the Mitchell Highway) to the east, Forbes Road to the north, Rowan Street and Orange High School to the South and Wirrabarra Walk to the west. The property is surrounded by residential development.

All addresses

Street Address	Suburb/town	LGA	Parish	County	Type
195 Woodward Street	Orange	Orange	Orange	Wellington	Primary Address
Mitchell Highway	Orange	Orange			Alternate Address

Owner/s

Organisation Name	Owner Category	Date Ownership Updated
The Orange Golf Club Ltd	Community Group

Statement of significance:


	Duntryleague and Setting (Duntryleague) may be of State significance for its historic, associative and aesthetic values as an outstanding and intact example of a 19th century estate. Positioned on an elevated setting, the grand Victorian Italianate mansion in the Filigree style retains its relationship with the estate elements of gatehouse, entrance gates, stables and extensive grounds. Duntryleague may have historic values as an intact mansion and landscape. Its boundary and elements demonstrate the relationship between the estate’s original land grant of 1836 and the original town limits of Orange. Duntryleague was the opulent private residence of prominent merchant and pastoralist John Dalton, and illustrates the growing prosperity and industry within rural areas 19th century NSW. Duntryleague may have State significance for its associations with architect Benjamin Backhouse and with landscape gardener Ilmar Berzins who designed the master plan for the Duntryleague Golf Club landscape and planting program. It may have aesthetic values as an exceptional and intact example of Victorian Italianate architecture in the Filigree style, which may be enhanced by its landmark and open landscape. Its intact elements and extensive landscape of manicured greens and established and exotic plantings illustrate picturesque qualities of both a 19th century estate and 20th century golf course. The continued use of Duntryleague estate as a golf course since 1935 has contributed to retaining its 19th century landscape setting.
	Date significance updated: 22 Jun 26
	Note: The State Heritage Inventory provides information about heritage items listed by local and State government agencies. The State Heritage Inventory is continually being updated by local and State agencies as new information becomes available. Read the Department of Premier and Cabinet copyright and disclaimer.

Description


Designer/Maker:	House: B.Backhouse; E.E.Fallick; S.van Breda; Grounds: A.Patterson, J.Irving, E.Apperly, I.Berzins
Builder/Maker:	House: R Scott and JJ McMurtrie (stonemasons); James Lindsay (bricks)
Construction years:	1875-1876
Physical description:	DUNTRYLEAGUE AND ITS SETTING Duntryleague and its setting consists of four main buildings, entrance gates, a golf course and a parkland landscape with an extensive variety of mature and exotic trees on 140 acres of land. It remains a substantial estate despite reducing in size over time from 311 acres in the 1870s through subdivision. The group of buildings comprises of a three-storey mansion house (1876), a gatehouse (c.1876), a two-storey stables (c.1900), a single-storey Club House (1950) and minor buildings associated with the golf course. The main buildings are located toward the southern side of the of the estate which gently slopes downhill in a northerly direction and has views to and from the mansion and Club House across the golfing green. DUNTRYLEAGUE MANSION Built in 1876 and designed by Benjamin Backhouse, Duntryleague an exceptional example of a Victorian Italianate mansion in the Filigree style, with very high standards of construction and quality craftsmanship in joinery and ironwork. It is a three-storey house of hand-made sandstock bricks in multi-bond with stone trim and brick quoining, with two storeyed wings with splayed corners at the rear. EXTERIOR The predominant feature of the front facade is a portico and a two-storey verandah which returns down the sides on both levels 12 metres with square cast iron posts. The verandah has large blocks of sandstone flagging and ornate cast iron lace to the balustrades and brackets. The portico is supported by 20 columns (in clusters of 5) with ornate lace to the gables, brackets and frieze as well as pediments on each side of the structure. In front of the portico, the (former) carriageway loop encircles a fountain, however early photographs indicate that this was originally lawn. The roof is hipped with Welsh slates and bracketed eaves characteristic of Italianate style (Aiktin, 2003. 43). Above the verandah and between two dormer windows (later additions), is a centrally positioned square tower room with three round arched windows and was the Dalton family chapel (Orange Heritage Study, 1986, 46). An enclosed brick tower reaching a height of approximately 20 metres is positioned to the south-west side of the building and has rusticated quoins. and these two asymmetrically placed decorative towers are skyline features of the house together with the chimneys. Below the chapel windows is a large plaque stone inscribed with 'Duntryleague 1876'. INTERIOR The entrance has an elongated double door with stained glass sidelights and arched fanlight of panelled wood and etched glass and a tessellated tiled vestibule. Inside, there is an elaboratively carved grand cedar staircase with barley sugar balustrades, decorative plaster fourteen foot ceilings and cornices and polished timber joinery. The staircase leads to a first half landing with a striking stained glass window. The staircase leads up to the third floor where a stained glass and timber skylight is centred in the form of a small tower with finial on the roof. The main ground floor rooms retain their original features including high ornate plaster ceilings, marble fireplaces, cedar doors and surrounds and french doors that open on to the verandahs. The original layout has been largely retained, with the main reception rooms, James Dalton’s study, the dining room and the ball room (which has been adapted and extended into the Club House’s main dining room). The original dining and drawing rooms are divided by an arch with cedar fitted panelled folding doors. Behind these rooms and in the southern wing are the lounge (former kitchen), kitchen, storage and service rooms and bedrooms. Alterations to the original floorplan on the second and third floor include additional bathrooms on the western side. On the second and third floor, the original family bedrooms are now used for guest accommodation. The third floor (attic level) comprised the family chapel which has since been adapted to provide five additional dormer type rooms with ensuites. THE CLUB HOUSE The Orange Gold Club House building is a single storey rectangular building attached to the main house on the north-western side. It was designed by architect Colin Brewster and built in 1953 (extended and modified between the 1960s-1980s). The Club House is comprised of a reception, foyer, offices, member’s lounge and bar, change rooms. The club dining room, located at the eastern end of the building, was part of the 1935-6 extensions to the main house. It connects the main house to the club facilities and has expansive views of the grounds. STABLES The two storey former stables and coach house building is located to the south-west of the house and were constructed c.1900. It is a sandstock brick building with a hipped galvanised iron roof retaining some original slate. It is likely the coach house added later on the eastern end (Aitkin, 2003, 47). It features two timber doors at ground level and a central arched timber door into the first floor loft. The roof has a low-pitched gable with pegged timber joints. A single storey brick workshop is located at the western end. THE GATEHOUSE AND ENTRANCE GATES The entrance gates are comprised of decorative masonry posts with a curved cast iron fence connecting them. They were originally double gates, located either side of the Gatehouse with the southerly set (existing) used as an entrance and the northerly set (partially existing) used as the exit. The gatehouse is a Victorian single storey cottage constructed of rendered brick with a slate gabled roof, decorative traceried bargeboards and tall, corbelled chimneys. At the front (facing Woodward Street) are two small, galvanised iron clad verandahs. GOLF COURSE AND SETTING Duntryleague is surrounded by 140 acres of undulating slopes. There are views to and from Duntryleague, the Club House and the grounds to the east and north. The golf course itself consists of a championship 18 hole layout measuring 5975m from the back markers and includes two water bodies (small dams) towards the northern and western sides of the estate and three additional non-significant minor buildings (a golf buggy shed, a putting green kiosk and a Halfway House). . Other features associated with the Golf Club include bowling greens, tennis courts, boundary fences and gates. The grounds have an extensive collection of mature exotic trees - see Malcom Campbell and Dennis Mullen, The Trees of Duntryleague Golf Course, 2008, for a comprehensive outline. The Dalton-era plantings include the avenue of trees along the driveway, mature trees and garden beds in the vicinity of the house, fountain, and some remnants of the former farming landscape (cleared areas and rubble drainage). Some of the notable established tree and shrub varieties include English or European oaks, American incense cedar, a Bunya pine, English elms, hazelnuts and a carob , Monterey pine, Southern pitch pine, and stone pine. Near the gate house are a large specimen of Osmanthus about 8m tall (specimens this large are rare) and a rare species of strawberry tree. Over 15,000 trees and shrubs have been planted by the Golf Club in its 90 year ownership. Most of the established trees are from either the Ilmar Berzins era and or designed as part of his master plan for the golf course in the 1950s (Aitken, 2003, 8). Some of the older specimens on the fairways include: Sierra or giant redwood, Mediterranean cypress, Japanese cedar/ tsugi, a 1.5m diameter trunked Himalayan or deodar cedar, maidenhair tree, Monterey pines, Himalayan cedars, and a stand of Atlas cedars.
Physical condition and/or Archaeological potential:	Intact with high integrity. Requires ongoing repair and maintenance but typical for a building of this size, decorative detail and age. The main dwelling is in very good condition externally and internally. The outbuildings and setting of the item are in good condition. The internal spaces are mostly intact however there has been substantial alteration to certain rooms such as the kitchens and bathrooms.
	Date condition updated:16 Jun 26
Modifications and dates:	1836 – William Ealy Sampson granted 640 acres, which became known as Campdale and included the subject place. 1849 – James Dalton Snr acquires a portion of the Campdale property, later to be known as Duntryleague. 1850s – Subdivision of Campdale. 1875-1879 – James Dalton purchases land in subdivision from John Lawrence Barber. Ownership consolidation carried out by James Dalton of 311 acres. 1876 – James Dalton builds Duntryleague as a family residence. 1877 – Stained-glass window presented to James Dalton after being invested as Papal Knight is set in the rear hall on the landing of Duntryleague. 1933/4: Duntryleague subdivided by the family into two portions: portion B (124 acres) located on the western side and portion A (180 acres) on the eastern side. 1935 – Orange Golf Club purchased 180 acres (section A - with mansion on property). 1935-36 – Architect is engaged to design additions to Duntryleague, now used as a guest house, and to design a new club house. - Northern wing of the house was extended, including additional bedrooms for the guest house and on the ground floor, this extension becomes the club house, consisting of an assembly room (later dining room), a bar and locker room. - 4 tennis courts are constructed to the north of the club house. 1938 – Former Boree Inn on the Duntryleague property demolished. 1947 – An ex-army hut (80 x 19 feet) is purchased and reconstructed as an addition to the club house on the western side. A bowling green is constructed on the site. 1950 – Landscape architect Ilmar Berzins produces landscape masterplan for the golf course, including planting of existing exotic tree species. 1953 – Architect Colin Brewster designs extensions to the 1947 Army Hut. The old hut is pushed to the west and becomes the Professional’s shop and a new lounge is built to replace the Army Hut. A two roomed office and vestibule with entrance steps, and a member’s locker room are built at the western end of this new building. 1954 – Original vegetable garden constructed during the Dalton’s residency is replaced with a practice green. 1956 – Extensions to the members’ bar giving it a u-shaped configuration and a roof is added over the verandah adjacent to the upstairs dining room. A skillion is added to the old stables building, used to store machinery. 1960 – A verandah is constructed adjacent to the upstairs dining room of the club house. 1966 – Extensions designed by architect R. Greene and include moving entranceway to south side of the building and provision of billiards room. - One of the original dwellings on the property (to the right of the second green) is demolished. 1970 – Dalton Room windows facing north are enlarged. 1972 – Building to the right of the fairway is demolished. 1975 – Last of Dalton’s former orchard removed. Orange Golf Club had planted approximately 12,000 trees by 1975. 1980 – Golf Club sold 40 acres of the southern boundary for Orange High School and a new residential development. Duntryleague Golf Club hold 140 acres. 1982-1985 – Five blocks of land on Duntryleague property sold to help finance refurbishments to clubhouse and guesthouse. 2019 - After 2019, the Lot and DP numbers change from Lot 16 DP 1120534 (Heritage Impact Statement, 2019 IDA).
Further information:	LEP = National Significance


Current use:	Golf club house, events, accommodation and golf course.
Former use:	Dalton family residence, Boree Inn, Coach & Horses Inn, Red Cross Society convalescent depot (WWII), guest house accommodation, Aboriginal land.

History

Historical notes:

Statement of Country
Duntryleague and Setting is located within the territory of the Wiradjuri speaking peoples. The Wiradjuri are the people of the three rivers - the Wambuul (Macquarie), the Kalari (Lachlan) and the Murumbidjeri (Murrumbidgee). Wiradjuri Country covers a significant part of regional NSW, being the largest Nation geographically in NSW and connected through a shared language and beliefs (AIATSIS, 1996).

The name of the Wiradjuri clan group which occupied the Orange district around the upper Macquarie River and its tributaries is unknown, however evidence of their movement throughout the region is found in artefacts, oral histories and written records (Orange Aboriginal Heritage Report, 2012, 11). Camp sites, marked by stone artefacts and hearths, and several scarred trees in the vicinity of Orange indicate important living places in the area. Nearby Mt Canobolas is derived from the Aboriginal name Gaanha bula (or Coona Boloo), meaning twin heads or two shoulders (Orange Regional Museum, 2017, 2). It was a place for male initiation ceremonies. Stone tools found near the summit are also evidence of the significance of this site (Orange Aboriginal Heritage Report, 2012, 11). The Wiradjuri clans of the central west around the Bathurst region near Orange forged a campaign of warfare and resistance against the European settlers, and this resistance forms a significant part of enduring memory and identity for the Wiradjuri people (Gapps, 2021; Read, 1988).

EARLY EUROPEAN SETTLEMENT OF ORANGE
In the 1820s, surveyors of the interior of the NSW colony were required to select, survey and map out one mile square areas of land which were to be reserved for future villages. In 1829, J. B. Richards reserved land for the town of Orange, although the locality was originally known as Blackmans Swamp by European settlers (Orange Heritage Study, 1986, 26; Plan of the Village of Orange at Blackmans Swamp, NSW, 1846). In 1836, three land grants were made to Samuel Lord, Joseph Moulder and William Ealy Samspon. The property now known as Duntryleague was located within Sampson’s grant, then known as Campdale and comprising 640 acres.

This property came to include important early buildings in the history of Orange such as John Peisley's the Coach and Horses which, constructed in 1838, is regarded as the first inn in the Blackman's Swamp (Orange) area and likely the first structure in the town (Duntryleague CMP, 2003; Orange Heritage Study, 1986, 26; Plan of the Village of Orange at Blackmans Swamp, NSW, 1846; Scobie, 2020, 10). George Mills opened the Boree Inn at the site in 1844 (Orange Heritage Study, 1986, 26; Plan of the Village of Orange at Blackmans Swamp, NSW, 1846). This building, located within the Duntryleague estate, was demolished in 1938.

By 1846, when the township of Orange was gazetted, these three initial land grants were being leased and subdivided for sale. The finding of gold at nearby Ophir in 1851 contributed to the growth of the township and by 1860 Orange was incorporated into a city. During this decade, Orange developed into a significant commercial centre with three flour mills, a foundry, three banks, fourteen hotels and a daily coach mail service along the Penrith to Wellington highway.

DALTON FAMILY AND DUNTRYLEAGUE
James Dalton (1834-1919), born in Duntryleague in the Country of Limerick, Ireland arrived in Orange in 1849 to be with his father, James Dalton Snr, who had been transported in 1835. By the time of his son’s arrival, Dalton Snr, now a free man, had two stores and was trading around and in the village of Orange. Dalton first assisted his father in these businesses, and then in 1853 set up his own store which he later managed with his brother Thomas Dalton (1829-1901) who arrived in Australia in 1858. The Dalton Brothers business grew to become the largest wholesale merchanting business west of the Blue Mountains with interests throughout the Central West, eastwards to Sydney and northwards to the Queensland border at the height of their success in the late 1800s. The Dalton Stores in Orange acted as a central point in the state for its trade and transportation of wool from western NSW to Sydney (via bullock and then by rail) (Aitkin, 2003).

Between 1872-1875, Dalton purchased sections of land to establish a substantial family estate of 311 acres that he named Duntryleague after his birthplace in Ireland. In 1875, he commissioned Sydney architect Benjamin Backhouse with the design and construction of a mansion located on a prominent ridge of the property.

The Dalton family was among the most influential and wealthy colonial Catholic families in NSW. In 1877 James was made a Papal Knight by Pope Gregory for his services to the Catholic Church and the large stained-glass window in the hall of Duntryleague commemorates his investiture. The family were involved in the early civic development of Orange with both James and Thomas serving as both Aldermen and Mayor and Thomas as Member of the NSW Legislative Assembly (1882-1891) and Member of the NSW Legislative Council (1892-1901). James likely also contributed funding and leadership for the Irish Nationalist Movement in NSW (Aitkin, 2003) and was a formal patron and philanthropist for civic and Catholic initiatives and buildings in the Orange region and Sydney.

Following Dalton’s death at Duntryleague in 1919, the mansion and grounds remained briefly in family ownership. Dalton’s son, Patrick Dalton hoped to use the house as a Jesuit College and had donated the house to the Catholic Church, but his proposal did not proceed and the house remained empty and from 1928 under the management of a caretaker.

BENJAMIN BACKHOUSE
Backhouse (1829-1904) was an influential architect and social reformer whose public roles included Member of the NSW Legislative Council (1895-1904), Chairmen of the City of Sydney Improvement Board (1880-1892), founding member and the first Secretary of the Institute of Architects of NSW (1871-1873) and Founder and Secretary of the NSW Sanitary Reform League in 1880. His architectural influence was widespread in Queensland, NSW and Victoria. Today, the majority of his existing works are in Queensland, with NSW and Victorian examples more rare due to successive demolitions.

Backhouse was known for Victorian Italianate and Gothic designs including commercial warehouses, significant mansions in Sydney and throughout NSW, department store and dwellings, opulent terraces and theatres, rectories, churches, Government House (Brisbane), the Intercolonial Exhibition Building, Alfred Park, Sydney (now demolished) and the former Deaf and Blind Institute in Camperdown (East, 2022).

Backhouse first worked with the James Dalton when he designed the five-storey Renaissance style Dalton Brothers warehouse in Pitt Street Sydney. The design of this warehouse was widely copied in the years following (Daily Telegraph, 9 August 1895, 3; East, 2022, 61).

Duntryleague is designed in the Victorian Filigree style with a richness of detail reflecting the wealth and influence that James Dalton had built by that time. The estate included two gatehouses, an ornate entrance and gates, a stables, a dairy, workers' cottages, a fern house, orchards, vegetable gardens for the household and extensive pastures for grazing.

ORANGE GOLF CLUB AND DUNTRYLEAGUE
The Orange Golf Club was formed in 1901 at its original course at Clover Hill, with James Dalton striking the first golf ball (Aitkin, 2003, 18). This was in keeping with the broader movement during the late 19th century which marked a growth in the formation of golf clubs across NSW and Australia. The Club moved to a new location on the eastern side of Orange on Icely Road in 1919, however by the 1930s this course was considered unsuitable. In 1935 the Club had considered the vacant Duntryleague and its estate to be an ideal clubhouse and site and approached the Catholic Church to buy it and purchased the property for a sum of 25,000 pounds. The Club subdivided 40 acres from the then 180 acre estate to repay the bank loan for the purchase (Aitkin, 2003, 18).

Under the new ownership of the Orange Golf Club, the Club engaged prominent golf course architect Eric Apperly to design the course from 1935 meaning that Dalton era farming infrastructure and some buildings were demolished, including the old inn building in 1938 (Aitkin, 2003, 19). In 1935-36, a two-storey wing was added on the northern side of the house which included a new club house, kitchen, bar and additional bedrooms (Aitkin, 2003, 20). In its early decades of ownership, the Orange Golf Club focused on establishing the golf course landscape through significant planting and largely outsourced the management of the mansion. Its membership continued to grow, reflected by the continual need for larger club house spaces, facilities and amenities. Duntryleague was used as a Red Cross convalescent hospital between 1942-1946 and in 1946, the Golf Club officially took over the management of the mansion with a succession of lessees managing the home as a guesthouse (Aitkin, 2003, 20).

Today the Golf Club continues to operate and the mansion, managed by the Duntryleague Mansion Foundation, regularly hosts events such as weddings, open days, heritage tours and golfing community events.

ILMAR BERZINS
Ilmar Berzins (1921-1993) played an important role in shaping the post-war development of the City of Sydney. Born in Latvia, Berzins was part of a wave of immigrant landscape designers who introduced modernist European concepts and influences to Australian landscape design after World War II. He studied landscape architecture in Hanover, Germany and emigrated to Australia in 1949, following some time at the displacement person’s resettlement camp in Germany. Berzins’s appointment with Sydney Municipal Council on 13 June 1951 is regarded to be the first council employment of a formally trained landscape architect in Australia. His early Australian style was characterised by a Modernist European sensibility, socially responsive planting and the creation of garden rooms although he did incorporate more native species into design in his later career (TKD , 2023, 96-98). He was a founding member of Australian Institute of Landscape Architects in 1966 and influenced thinking around design of public spaces such as playgrounds, public gardens and reserves including McEhlone Reserve at Elizabeth Bay House (TKD, 2023, 97-102).

In 1949, he was commissioned by the Orange Golf Club to prepare a master plan for the golf course at Duntryleague and oversee its implementation (Orange Heritage Study, 1985, 54). Within four years of his contract, almost three thousand trees and shrubs had been planted at Duntryleague including Atlantic cedars, claret ashes, Japanese maples, pines, golden elms, magnolias, prunuses, chestnuts, crab-apples, flowering cherries, rhododendrons, copper beeches and many others (The Bulletin, 1953, 4).

Historic themes

Australian theme (abbrev)	New South Wales theme	Local theme
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments	Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures.	Gardens-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments	Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures.	Other open space-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments	Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures.	Introduce cultural planting-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments	Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures.	Special tree or trees-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments	Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures.	Changing the environment-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments	Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures.	Streetscape Tree or trees-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments	Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures.	Cultural: Plains and plateaux supporting human activities-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent	Ethnic influences-Activities associated with common cultural traditions and peoples of shared descent, and with exchanges between such traditions and peoples.	Irish commercial and retail activities-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent	Ethnic influences-Activities associated with common cultural traditions and peoples of shared descent, and with exchanges between such traditions and peoples.	Irish migrants-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent	Migration-Activities and processes associated with the resettling of people from one place to another (international, interstate, intrastate) and the impacts of such movements	Free Immigrants in the 19th century-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture	Private farming-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture	Viticulture-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture	Horticultural Society activities - exhibitions, competitions-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture	Horticulture-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture	Ancillary structures - sheds, crop storage-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture	Marking the transition from pastoralism to agriculture-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture	Clearing land for farming-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture	Orcharding-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture	Arboretums - collections of trees for ornament or forestry-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture	Agricultural Society activities - research, experimentation, acclimatisation --
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture	Attempting to transplant European farming practices to Australian environments-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Commerce-Activities relating to buying, selling and exchanging goods and services	Retailing-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Commerce-Activities relating to buying, selling and exchanging goods and services	Tourist Industry-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Commerce-Activities relating to buying, selling and exchanging goods and services	Developing Commercial Enterprise-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Commerce-Activities relating to buying, selling and exchanging goods and services	commerce-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Commerce-Activities relating to buying, selling and exchanging goods and services	Developing real estate-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Commerce-Activities relating to buying, selling and exchanging goods and services	Innkeeping-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Commerce-Activities relating to buying, selling and exchanging goods and services	Developing discrete retail and commercial areas-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings	Developing local, regional and national economies-National Theme 3
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings	Landscapes and gardens of domestic accommodation-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings	Landscapes and parklands of distinctive styles-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings	Landscapes of institutions - productive and ornamental-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings	Creating environments evocative of the 'old country'-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Events-Activities and processes that mark the consequences of natural and cultural occurences	Providing a venue for significant events-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Events-Activities and processes that mark the consequences of natural and cultural occurences	Developing local landmarks-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Health-Activities associated with preparing and providing medical assistance and/or promoting or maintaining the well being of humans	Operating convalescent and rehabilitation hospitals-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Pastoralism-Activities associated with the breeding, raising, processing and distribution of livestock for human use	Dairying-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies	Pastoralism-Activities associated with the breeding, raising, processing and distribution of livestock for human use	cattle-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Building settlements, towns and cities-National Theme 4
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Country Homes-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Housing for merchants and dealers-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Gentlemens Villas-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Country mansion-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Architectural design-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Victorian era residence-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Federation era residence-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Guesthouses-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Housing the prosperous - mansions in town and country-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Housing the prosperous - mansions in town and country-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Housing for farm and station hands-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Housing for industrial managers and owners-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Housing working animals-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Owning and occupying a house-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Housing professional people-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Housing famous families-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Gentlemens Mansions-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Gentlemens Mansions-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Country Villa-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities.	Housing (regional towns)-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal	1820s-1850s land grants-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal	Early farming (Cattle grazing)-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal	Early farming (sheep grazing)-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal	Changing land uses - from rural to suburban-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal	Granting Crown lands for private farming-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal	Sub-division of large estates-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal	Sub-division of large estates-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal	Changing land uses - from rural to tourist-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal	Expressing lines of early grant allotments-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal	Administering and alienating Crown lands-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal	Early farming (cropping)-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages	Subdivision of urban estates-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages	Planning manorial villages and systems-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages	Beautifying towns and villages-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages	Creating landmark structures and places in urban settings-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages	Developing and operating manorial villages-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities	Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages	Planning relationships between key structures and town plans-
5. Working-Working	Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour	Working independently on the land-
5. Working-Working	Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour	Servants quarters-
5. Working-Working	Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour	Working in orchards-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities.	Developing cultural institutions and ways of life-National Theme 8
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities.	Interior design styles and periods - Edwardian-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities.	Interior design styles and periods - Victorian-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities.	Landscaping - Victorian period-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities.	Landscaping - 20th century interwar-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities.	Landscaping - 20th century post WW2-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities.	Architectural styles and periods - Victorian (late)-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities.	Landscaping - Federation period-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities.	Adaptation of overseas design for local use-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities.	Designing in an exemplary architectural style-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities.	Building in response to climate - bushfires-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities.	Designing making and showing stained and coloured glass-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities.	Architectural styles and periods - Victorian Italianate-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities.	Building in response to natural landscape features.-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities.	Designing landscapes in an exemplary style-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities.	Interior design styles and periods - 20th century Inter War-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities.	Architectural styles and periods - Federation Italianate-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions.	Ways of life 1850-1900-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions.	Country estates - visiting, enjoying-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions.	Ways of life 1900-1950-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions.	Ways of life 1950-2000-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions.	Ornamental Garden-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions.	Living in a rural homestead-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions.	Kitchens and servants-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions.	Living in a new house-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions.	Living in, adapting and renovating homes for changing conditions-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation	musical gatherings-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation	Outdoor relief-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation	Horse riding-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation	Visiting gardens-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation	Tourism-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation	Playing golf-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation	Going to a Club-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation	Gardening-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation	Visiting heritage places-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation	Activities associated with relaxation and recreation-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation	Going to a restaurant-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation	Going hunting and shooting-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation	Gathering at landmark places to socialise-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation	Leisure-Includes tourism, resorts.
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Religion-Activities associated with particular systems of faith and worship	Gentlemen's Villas-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Religion-Activities associated with particular systems of faith and worship	Practising Catholicism-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities	Joining together to study and appreciate philosophy-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities	Belonging to an institution for self improvement-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities	Places of formal community gatherings-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities	Places of informal community gatherings-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities	Developing clubs for social improvement-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities	Red Cross activities-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities	Developing local clubs and meeting places-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities	Community organisations-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities	Belonging to an historical society or heritage organisation-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities	Fund-raising activities for community charities-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities	Providing charity-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities	Developing and maintaining a local botanic garden-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Sport-Activities associated with organised recreational and health promotional activities	tennis-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Sport-Activities associated with organised recreational and health promotional activities	Golf-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Sport-Activities associated with organised recreational and health promotional activities	Golf-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Sport-Activities associated with organised recreational and health promotional activities	providing sports facilities for city workers and residents-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Sport-Activities associated with organised recreational and health promotional activities	Administering and operating sporting complexes-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life	Sport-Activities associated with organised recreational and health promotional activities	badminton-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Ilmars Berzins, landscape architect-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Paul Sorensen, landscape architect-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Benjamin Backhouse, architect-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Ib Sorensen, nuseryman and horticulturist-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Ald. James Dalton Sr., merchant, pastoralist-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Ald. James Dalton Sr., merchant, pastoralist-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with William Ealy Sampson, pastoralist-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with the Flanagan family, Orange landowners-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Robert Scott, stonemason-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with J.J. McMurtrie, stonemason-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with James Lindsay, builder-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Leon Ravat, French vintner, gate keeper-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Pope Gregory-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Michael Francis Dalton, merchant, businessman-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Rev. Father Patrick Dalton, Jesuit priest-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with John Irving, professional golfer-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Eric Apperly, architect and golfer-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with E.E. Fallick, architect-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with S.C. van Breda, architect-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Colin Brewster, architect-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Mrs Wallen, guesthouse proprietor-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Mr W Doherty, guesthouse proprietor-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with the Hon. Thomas Dalton, MLC, politician-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life	Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups	Associations with Alfred Andrew Patterson, head gardener, park designer, columnist, engineer-

Assessment of significance


SHR Criteria a) [Historical significance]	Duntryleague and Setting (Duntryleague) may be of State significance as a grand Victorian-era estate that demonstrates the original setting, house and landscape of an opulent gentlemen’s country residence. It retains elements of its original configuration including the gatehouse and entrance gates, the carriageway approach, stables, mansion, stands of mature trees and expansive views across the east, north and west of the 140 acre property. While there has been some incremental subdivision of the original 1836 land grant within which Duntryleague was contained, the mansion and its setting are still able to be interpreted as an intact 19th century country estate. Furthermore, its Woodward Street boundary marks the western end of the old town limits and, due to is intactness, is still able to demonstrate the adjacent relationship between the estate’s original 1836 land grant and the 1829 surveyed town of Orange. Duntryleague may have historic values as the home of prominent merchant and pastoralist James Dalton (1834-1919), whose enterprise as the Dalton Brothers was one of the most significant merchant businesses in western NSW at the time and included emporiums and warehouses in Pitt Street and Fort Street in Sydney and a wharf in Miller’s Point. The large stained-glass window in the hall of Duntryleague is illustrative of Dalton’s prominence and social standing, installed to mark Dalton’s investiture as a Papal Knight by Pope Gregory in 1877 for his services to the Catholic Church. Duntryleague is a statement of civic status and is evidence of the desire to reflect cosmopolitan tastes and design in private homes in regional areas of NSW.
SHR Criteria b) [Associative significance]	Duntryleague and Setting may have associative values for its connection to architect Benjamin Backhouse (1829-1904), a Victorian-era architect, founding member and First Secretary of the NSW Institute of Architects (1871) and social reformer whose Italianate works were well known, replicated and influential in NSW and Queensland architecture. His architectural contribution included significant commercial, bank and residential buildings in both Sydney and regional NSW, opulent theatres, churches, Government House (Brisbane), and the former Deaf and Blind Institute in Camperdown. Blackhouse’s influence extended beyond aesthetics to his involvement in the foundation of the Sanitary Reform League, labour reform and the Pitt Town Settlement. As an influential and established architect by 1876, his appointment of architect for Duntryleague reflected the status of the home and of the Dalton family (for whom he designed many commercial and residential buildings). Duntryleague also may have State significance for its association with Latvian-born landscape architect Ilmars Berzins (1921-1993), an influential landscape architect who designed the master plan for Duntryleague for the Orange Golf Club in 1949. Berzins was part of a significant wave of immigrant landscape designers who introduced Modernist European concepts and influences to Australian landscape design after World War II. Berzins’s appointment with Sydney Municipal Council on 13 June 1951 is regarded to be the first council employment of a formally trained landscape architect in Australia. His early style was characterised by a Modernist European sensibility, socially responsive planting of European and exotic trees and the creation of garden rooms, as is illustrated in his master plan design and planting program at Duntryleague.
SHR Criteria c) [Aesthetic significance]	Duntryleague may be of State significance as an outstanding example of a Victorian Italianate mansion. It displays high construction standards and quality craftsmanship in its joinery and ornate cast iron work to the friezes and columns on the portico and verandahs. Its scale, Filigree style and decorative elements such as the two asymmetrically placed towers combine to form a building of very high creative achievement. It may also be significant for its extensive landscape setting, which contribute to the building’s landmark and picturesque qualities and demonstrate the parklike features and viewlines associated with 19th century country estates. The relationship of its original elements such as entrance gates, gatekeepers lodge, axial entry driveway, mature trees and viewlines across the extensive grounds are relatively intact and are able to demonstrate its design as a gentlemen’s 19th century estate.
Integrity/Intactness:	Duntryleague is highly intact (despite modifications) and has good integrity. The internal spaces are mostly intact however there has been substantial alteration to certain rooms such as the kitchens and bathrooms.
Assessment criteria:	Items are assessed against the State Heritage Register (SHR) Criteria to determine the level of significance. Refer to the Listings below for the level of statutory protection.

Procedures /Exemptions

Section of act	Description	Title	Comments	Action date
57(2)	Exemption to allow work	Heritage Act	Maintenance improvements, alterations Order Under Section 57(2) to exempt the following activities from Section 57(1): (a) normal golf course maintenanace and improvements not involving major earthworks or major vegetation clearance; (b) alterations to the existing golf club premises adjoining the rear of the mansion, where these do not hold to the external bulk of the building or detract from the heritage significance of the mansion.	Nov 30 1984
CMP-Endorse	Conservation Plan submitted for endorsement	CMP by Christo Aitken & Associates for The Orange Golf Club, dated March 2003.	CMP epted as a mutually agreed management document for a period of five years from 27 February 2006	Feb 27 2006
57(2)	Exemption to allow work	Standard Exemptions	HERITAGE ACT 1977 ORDER UNDER SECTION 57(2) TO GRANT STANDARD EXEMPTIONS FROM APPROVAL I, Penny Sharpe, the Minister for Heritage, on the recommendation of the Heritage Council of New South Wales and under section 57(2) of the Heritage Act 1977: revoke the order made on 2 June 2022 and published in the Government Gazette Number 262 of 17 June 2022; and grant an exemption from section 57(1) of the Act in respect of the engaging in or carrying out the class of activities described in clause 2 Schedule A in such circumstances specified by the relevant standards in clause 2 Schedule A and General Conditions in clause 3 Schedule A. This Order takes effect on the date it is published in the NSW Government Gazette. Dated this 29th day of October 2025 The Hon Penny Sharpe MLC Minister for Heritage For more information on standard exemptions click on the link below.	Nov 7 2025

Standard exemptions for engaging in or carrying out activities / works otherwise prohibited by section 57(1) of the Heritage Act 1977

Listings

Heritage Listing	Listing Title	Listing Number	Gazette Date	Gazette Number	Gazette Page
Heritage Act - State Heritage Register		00318	02 Apr 99	27	1546
Heritage Act - Permanent Conservation Order - former		00318	30 Nov 84	167
Local Environmental Plan	Orange LEP 2011 item, Duntryleague
National Trust of Australia register	National Trust (NSW) Country Register item	4613	31 May 76
Register of the National Estate			21 Mar 78

Study details

Title	Year	Author	Guidelines used
Central West Pilot Program SHRP	2001	Heritage Office SHRP	Yes
Orange Heritage Study	1986	Hughes, Trueman, Ludlow Consultants	No
Orange Heritage Study: Vol 2 - Building Inventory	1986	Hughes, Trueman, Ludlow Consultants	No
Albert Smillie and Ilmar Berzins: City Architect and City Landscape Architect - Heritage Study	2023	Tanner Kibble Denton	No

References, internet links & images

Type	Author	Year	Title	Internet Links
Written		1866	Plan of the Town of Orange at Blackmans Swamp	View detail
Written		1846	Plan of the Village of Orange at Blackmans Swamp	View detail
Written		1840	Auction notice, The Sydney Herald
Written	Aitken, Richard, in Aitken, R., & Looker, M. (ed.s)	2002	'Alfred Andrew Patterson' (entry)	View detail
Written	Campbell, Malcolm & Mullen, Dennis	2008	The Trees of Duntryleague Golf Course
Written	Christo Aitken & Associates	2003	Duntryleague and The Orange Golf Club - Conservation Management Plan	View detail
Written	David Scobie Architects with Adaptive Architects	2020	Orange City Council Heritage Conservation Area Review: Report to Council
Electronic	Duntryleague Golf Club	2026	Duntryleague Website	View detail
Written	Duntryleague Mansion Foundation Ltd and Elisabeth Edwards		Duntryleague: Steeped in history
Written	East, John, W.	2022	Bejamin Backhouse in Brisbane, 1861-1868: An architectural pioneer in colonial Queensland'
Written	Gapps, Stephen	2021	Gudyarra: The First Qiradjuri War of Resistance, the Bathurst War 1822-1824
Written	Holliday, Stephen	1979	Golf Architecture
Written	Hughes Trueman Ludlow, Orange City Council	1986	Orange City Council, Heritage Study, Volume 1
Written	Karyn McLeod Heritage Consultant / Archaeologist	2016	Baseline Archaeological Assessment - Orange Country Club, Duntryleague, Orange NSW
Written	Kass, Terry	2003	A Thematic History of the Central West: Comprising the NSW Historical Regions of Lachlan and Central Tablelands
Written	Lucas, Clive	1982	'Boree Cabonne: Draft Conservation Policy and Necessary Interim Works'
Written	Lucas, Stapleton Johnson, LSJ Heritage Planning & Architecture	2019	Alterations and Additions to the existing Guest House (former Duntryleague mansion), including upgrading of services - Heritage Impact Statement
Written	McManus, Dennis	1983	Financial Assistance for Heritage in New South Wales
Written	McMaugh, Judy	2005	Ib Sorensen, in 'Living Horticulture - the lives of men & women in the NSW Nursery Industry
Written	Mearns, Don	1976	The History of Duntryleague, 1876-1976 and 75 years of the Orange Golf Club
Written	Orange Regional Museum	2017	A short history of Orange	View detail
Written	OzArk environmental an dheritage management p/l	2006	Archaeological Monitoring of ground surface disturbing works relating to Development Application DA 381/2004(1), Lot 16, Woodward Street, Orange
Written	Read, Peter	1988	A hundred years war: the Wiradjuri people and the state
Written	Register of the National Estate	2002	Australian Heritage Places Inventory
Written	Spencer, Roger	1995	Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia - Ferns, Conifers & their allies
Written	The Bulletin	1953	'Golf and Blossom'
Written	Thomson, Peter	2002	'Golf Courses' (entry)	View detail

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Data source


The information for this entry comes from the following source:
Name:	Heritage NSW
Database number:	5045554
File number:	EF10/23500; S90/5663, HC32654

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