Bishops Lodge

Item details

Name of item: Bishops Lodge
Other name/s: Linton House Hostel for Boys
Type of item: Built
Group/Collection: Residential buildings (private)
Category: Homestead building
Location: Lat: -34.5192264548 Long: 144.8483101450
Primary address: Moama Street, Hay, NSW 2711
Parish: Hay South
County: Waradgery
Local govt. area: Hay
Local Aboriginal Land Council: Hay
Property description
Lot/Volume CodeLot/Volume NumberSection NumberPlan/Folio CodePlan/Folio Number
LOT34 DP747124
All addresses
Street AddressSuburb/townLGAParishCountyType
Moama StreetHayHayHay SouthWaradgeryPrimary Address
Roset StreetHayHayHay SouthWaradgeryAlternate Address

Owner/s

Organisation NameOwner CategoryDate Ownership Updated
Hay Shire CouncilLocal Government19 Mar 99

Statement of significance:

This is an important and increasingly rare example of a large intact iron house typical of nineteenth century Riverina domestic architecture. It demonstrates by its positioning and materials the necessary adaptation and concessions made to the local climatic extremes and the nature of the soils. Its design is thought to have influenced the choice of materials used for the Hay Lands Office built in 1895 (National Trust).
Date significance updated: 07 Jun 16
Note: The State Heritage Inventory provides information about heritage items listed by local and State government agencies. The State Heritage Inventory is continually being updated by local and State agencies as new information becomes available. Read the Department of Premier and Cabinet copyright and disclaimer.

Description

Designer/Maker: John Sulman and Bishop Sydney Linton (house and garden); Bishop Anderson (rose garden)
Builder/Maker: Ah Mow (gardener)
Construction years: 1888-1888
Physical description: Site and grounds:
This imposing building is located with a north orientation to the Murrumbidgee River. An unobstructed view of the building from the Sturt Highway ensures that the building is a landmark feature in the Hay area and Riverina. Orientation was carefully considered in the layout and siting of the residence, rather than it facing the street. An unobstructed view of the building from the Sturt Highway ensures that the building is a landmark feature in the Hay area and Riverina (AHC).

Garden:
The home grounds comprised eight acres with a further thirteen acres across the road (now the Stuart Highway). In 1889, 400 fruit and ornamental trees were planted. The rose garden was established by Bishop Anderson between 1895-1915. (Peruvian) pepper(corn) (Schinus molle var. areira) and plane (Platanus species) were the dominant trees (planted). Pencil pines (Mediterranean cypresses, Cupressus sempervirons) and (Canary Island date) palms (Phoenix canariensis) were planted about 1931 (Hay District Council, c2004, Stuart Read, botanical names and palm identification).

Bishop's Lodge retains a large country garden, particularly north of the house towards the river. It is has a remarkable collection which is particularly rich in old (or 'heritage') rose varieties and species). The garden has a ready band of volunteers who have revived it and keep it in good condition (Stuart Read, pers.comm., 2006). It has about 500 rose bushes now (ibid, c.2004).

During the Linton incumbency, there was a formal entrance from Lang Street with a wide carriage-way leading to the turning circle in front of the building, but for most of the c20th century, only a walking path down the centre of the carriageway has been maintained for pedestrian visitors. From Anderson's time, the Roset Street entrance has been known as the 'front gate'. By about 1915 the view from the front verandah was of well kept lawns and beautifully tended gardens on every side. There were large rose bushes in the middle of the circular lawn and well-grown shrubs in the beds on the eastern side of the front garden. The (Peruvian) pepper(corn) trees (Schinus molle) and plane tree (Platanus x hybrida) were well grown (ibid, 2010).

The Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis) standing sentinel in the front carriage circle is thought to have been planted early this (20th) century (Dixon, 2006).

Other trees include hoop pines (2)(Araucaria cunninghamii), kurrajongs (Brachychiton populneus), carob or St. John's bread (Ceratonia siliqua), jacarandas (2)(J.mimosifolia), flowering cypress or tamarisk (Tamarix sp.), white cedar (Melia azederach var. australasica) and eucalypts (Dixon, 2006, Stuart Read: botanical names).

Other trees in the garden are: sugar gum (Eucalyptus cladocalyx or river red gum (E.camaldulensis), sweet pittosporum (P.undulatum), African olive (Olea europaea var.cuspidata), brush box (Lophostemon confertus), Norfolk Island hibiscus (Lagunaria patersonia), gimlet (Eucalyptus salubris), cooba (Acacia salicina) and wilga or native willow (Geijera parvifolia). Fruit trees include medlar (Mespilus germanica cv.), quince (Cydonia oblonga), loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), japonica or Chinese quince (Chaenomeles speciosa cv.), persimmon (Diospyros kaki cv), plums (Prunus domestica cv.), pears (Pyrus communis cv's), pomegranate (Punica granatum), fruiting/true olive (O.europaea cv.), crabapples (Malus sp.), walnut (Juglans regia cv.) and hazelnuts (Corylus avellana cv.) (Stuart Read, obs., 2006).

Shrubs in the garden include: Cape honeysuckle (Tecomaria capensis), sky flower (Duranta caerulea), Japanese laurel (Euonymus japonicus), Chinese hawthorn (Photinia x serrulata), Syrian hibiscus/Rose of Sharon (H.syriacus cv.), flowering dwarf almond (Prunus sp.), May bush (Spiraea nipponica), Chinese wisteria (W.sinensis), butterfly bush (Buddleja davidii cv.), honey flower (Melianthus major), rice paper plant (Tetrapanax papyrifera), winter jasmine (Jasminium nudiflorum), giant Danubian reed (Arundo donax), oleanders (Nerium oleander cv's), Lantana camara cv., African hibiscus (Malaviscus sp.), fruit salad plant (Monstera deliciosa)(Stuart Read, obs., 2006).

Perennials and smaller plants include: cast iron plant (Aspidistra elatior), flag or Florentine iris (I.germanica cv.), geraniums (Pelargonium hybrids and cultivars), Cape garlic (Tulbaghia sp.), African or Nile lilies (Agapanthus praecox), sweet violets (Viola odorata), Cape lilies (Crinum x moorei), sages (Salvia spp./cultivars)(Stuart Read, obs., 2006).

The extensive rose garden was north of the driveway as one entered from Roset Street. Anderson was an enthusiastic gardener who loved roses. Every bush was labelled with a metal plate fixed to a peg (ibid, 2010). It was enclosed and is now the 'hidden garden' (Dixon, 2006). The rose garden was within a rectangular fence with, within that shape, double-squared horseshoe-shaped beds (Stuart Read, observation, 2006).

What is now called the 'hidden garden' was then an enclosed rose garden; subsequent growth has concealed it. Some original posts and high wire netting remain, chicken wire below and large gauged marsupial wire above. All rose bushes within are believed to have been planted by Anderson. He also had orange (Citrus x aurantium cv.) and lemon (C.limon cv.) trees around beds in the rose garden. During Anderson's time there was a summer-house on the northern boundary of the enclosed rose garden built of wood with seats within. A rose-covered archway over the central path of the rose garden led to the summer-house. Anderson also had a little bush house on the western side of the house, close to the verandah (ibid, 2010).

There are ... three 'Bishop's roses' in the garden - three tall, unnamed (identified) roses. As Brenda Weir, member of the garden (volunteers) has said: 'Hazel le Rougetel, David Ruston and other rosarians have all tried their hand at identification but there are ones here unknown to anyone'. Three have been included in 'Botanica' - a tall, very fragrant pink rose similar to 'Paul Neyron' named 'Bishop's Lodge Sydney Linton' (after the first bishop), another tall very double pale pink tea rose, 'Bishop's Lodge Jane Isabella Linton' (after Linton's wife) and a tall stately mid-pink tea rose named 'Bishop's Lodge Sulmanesque' after architect John Sulman who designed the lodge. Roses are propogated and plants potted for sale at Bishop's Lodge and their major fundraising - a spring market held on the third Sunday of October (Dixon, 2006, 2).

Cultivars of roses popular between 1910-1920 when the Bishop was most active (are favoured/planted, now). Rosarian David Ruston has assisted with the rose garden, observing all roses left in the garden have Rosa indica 'Major' rootstock, known for its longevity on clay soils and tough conditions. Some (cultivars/bushes' identities) remaqin a mystery and may be unique to the Bishop's Lodge garden. These have been named after residents of the Lodge, including his children and the Lodge's Chinese gardener, Ah Mow. (Australian rose breeder) The Alister Clark rose garden display honours his links to the Riverina district. Clark was a pioneer (breeder) of warm-climate (tolerant) rose cultivars. He used Rosa gigantea a lot as a parent species. Clark's father Walter part-owned Kerarbury station with the (NSW) Macleay family, and managed Toganmain and Tubbo stations, near Darlington Point, about 100km from Hay. Alister retained a share in Kerarbury until 1910. Rosa x 'Harbinger' was rediscovered in the early 1990s - a very early-flowering large pink Clark-bred cultivar) at Ethel Thelangerin's (McFarland) family / church floral arrangement (from a 1922+ garden). In 1972 Brenda Weir and Colleen Houston propogated this cultivar. Another mystery is on the Thelangerin tennis court - white, and on R.gigantea stock (Stuart Read, notes from 2006 tour).

The wide access to Lang Street and the river, directly in line with the front door, was generally used as a footpath. Flanking this path for its entire length were trellises of pine poles threaded with wire on which grew all kinds of white and black table grapes. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and lavender (Lavandula sp.) grew below the trellises. A vegetable garden was in the north west corner just inside the Lang Street gates. Another vegetable garden was at the back [south] of the building. Between the circular drive and Ah Mow's vegetable garden adjacent Lang Street was an orchard (ibid, 2010).

The stables became home to the Dean family at some stage in the 1920s, probably when the Bishop acquired a car and no longer used them. Their kitchen was in the pump house a little way from the stables. They continued living at the stables until the early 1940s when Dean died and the family dispersed. The stables were no longer standing in 1945.

In the 1930s and 1940s Chinese market gardens flourished on the riverbank just over this washaway to the west. For a time there was a tennis court in the north-east corner of the grounds, probably on the same site as the [later] boy's hostel tennis court, established in 1935 [about where Mr and Mrs Munn's house is now situated, at 352 Lang Street].

Between 1931 and 1935 a Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis) was planted on the circular front lawn and pencil pines (/Mediterranean cypresses, Cupressus sempervirens) on the eastern front lawn. It was some time after 1931 that the thick olive hedge (Olea europaea) , which extended from the Lang Street gates to Roset Street, was cleared.

In 1935 the nearby portion of land was cleared for the Linton House tennis court. The olive (Olea europaea cv.) hedge remained along Roset Street, billowing out over the fence at head height. There was a gate in the Roset Street fence immediately east of the kitchen block, used by the staff and for delivery of goods to the kitchen.

By about 1940 the garden between the building and the Roset Street gate was an immaculately kept lawn bordered by flower beds and containing circular flower beds and three young pencil pines. The dense shrubbery of 1915 had been removed completely.

In 1988 the Bishop's Lodge Advisory Committee planted fifty old-fashioned roses in the eastern front lawn in beds, which corresponded with earlier beds that bounded the driveway. Roses, believed to have been introduced to the garden by Bishop Anderson, have been budded onto hardy under-stock by specialists (ibid, 2010). Some old roses in the garden were propogated from the original rose garden at Oxley Station near Hay (Bob McFarland, pers.comm., 2006).
It is the Bishop's Lodge Management Committee policy that the garden should complement the house. Various factors, including floods and fashions, have, over the years, dictated changes and usage of the grounds. It is not intended to present a garden style of a particular period, but to preserve the special feeling of the garden: replace some of what is documented as existing in the garden, resist the temptation to over-zealously prune and clear and carefully develop this garden (ibid, 2010).

House group:
The lodge comprises the main residence, a kitchen block and two outbuildings east of the kitchen. The residence has a courtyard open to the rear, and a verandah encircles the building. All rooms are accessible from the verandah and a central hall is the only internal passageway. Walls are clad externally in corrugated iron and internally in ripple iron, with sawdust within the walls for insulation. Finely detailed verandah posts, window and door mouldings, roof ventilators and skilfully mitred timber linings on the verandah soffits provide relief from the bland corrugated walls. Wisteria grows on the northern verandah and adds protection from the sun.

The construction system was innovative, to avoid the problems of soil movement in the extremes of seasons which cause masonry buildings to crack and to allow the structure to cool rapidly at night in the summer, while being insulated from the worst of the daytime heat. The roof is hipped, with ventilators in the portion of walls between the verandah roofs and the main eaves. There are gambrel ventilators to the rear hips. The chimneys are of brick. There is a pediment at the entrance, with incised decoration around a Bishop's mitre (AHC).

It is a large single storey building with central courtyard and with encircling verandah around the building perimeters. All rooms are accessible from the verandahs with a central hallway the only internal passageway.

Roofing and external walls of corrugated iron and internal linings all of ripple iron on a timber frame with sawdust filled wall cavities to provide insulation. In southern New South Wales iron is a most suitable domestic building material. Its lightness and durability and ability to withstand the seasonal expansion and contraction of western Riverina soil which causes extensive cracking of masonry buildings has not been generally appreciated. As a result many period iron houses have been lost. Rather than facing south onto the main road, the building has a northern orientation which is further evidence of design concessions to climatic extremes.

The utilitarian plainness of the building is relieved by finely detailed timber verandah posts, window and door mouldings, roof ventilators. A timber pediment over the entrance has a finely incised decoration around a carved bishop's mitre. Internally there are eighteen rooms each about 25 ft by 25 ft. The 12 ft high ceilings are of stained boards. Each room has a marble fireplace - black, brown or white - with brick surrounds. The former chapel has a decorated arch and stained glass fanlight.

Kitchen Block:
The kitchen block with large kitchen and several small rooms is connected to the house by a raised covered walkway.

Building Material: Roofing and external walls of corrugated iron, internal linings of ripple iron, sawdust cavities (National Trust).
Modifications and dates: 1889: 400 fruit and ornamental trees planted.
1895-1915 - large rose garden established.

c.1931 Mediterranean cypresses and Canary Island palms planted

1988: grounds reduced to 3.5 acres. 32 old varieties of roses and another 50 roses were planted (to supplement the 50 still surviving.
1992: Roset Street rose hedge planted
1994: kitchen garden reinstated;
1995: Picking garden reinstated.
1996: 21 old rose plants still not identified - 11 have possible identifications, 6 identified as being pre-1925 cultivars. 2 old roses lost accidentally.
Current use: House museum, events
Former use: Aboriginal land, farm, Residence; Linton House Hostel for Boys

History

Historical notes: British occupation of the area
In 1829 Charles Sturt and his men passed along the Murrumbidgee River on horses and drays. During the late-1830s stock was regularly overlanded to South Australia via the Lower Murrumbidgee. At the same time stockholders were edging westward along the Lachlan, Murrumbidgee, Billabong and Murray systems. By 1839 all of the river frontages in the vicinity of present-day Hay were occupied by squatters. By the mid-1850s pastoral runs in the western Riverina were well-established and prosperous. The nearby Victorian gold-rushes provided an expanding market for stock. The prime fattening country of the Riverina became a sort of holding centre, from where the Victorian market could be supplied as required. (Wikipedia entry on Hay, 17/1/07)

The locality where Hay township developed was originally known as Lang's Crossing-place (named after three brothers named Lang who were leaseholders of runs on the southern side of the river). It was the crossing on the Murrumbidgee River of a well-travelled stock-route (known as 'the Great North Road') leading to the markets of Victoria.

In 1856-7 Captain Francis Cadell, pioneer of steam-navigation on the Murray River, placed a manager at Lang's Crossing-place with the task of establishing a store (initially in a tent). In August 1858 steamers owned by rival owners, Francis Cadell and William Randell, successfully travelled up the Murrumbidgee as far as Lang's Crossing-place (with Cadell's steamer Albury continuing up-river to Gundagai).

By October 1859 "Hay" had been chosen as the name for the township [after John Hay (later Sir John), a wealthy squatter from the Upper Murray, member of the NSW Legislative Assembly and former Secretary of Lands and Works] (Wikipedia, 17/1/07). Hay, situated on the Murrumbidgee, was gazetted as a town in 1859. (DUAP et al, Regional Histories, pp194). In the late 19th century, several grand buildings representing Hay's aspirations to become capital of the Riverina were built. However inter-colonial disputes over trade thwarted these aspirations and instead of booming Hay remained small and isolated, but importantly connected to Sydney via a rail line (Hay Council SHI nomination 2006).

On 25 May 1882 a meeting was held at Hay Courthouse in support of Hay becoming the new centre of the Riverina Diocese and the site for a cathedral. Hay was centrally located within the Riverina District and the seat of the Bishopric would serve to benefit the social and moral fibre of the town. Paradoxically, at this time Hay could not even support a clergyman's stipend.

The citizens of the rival town of Deniliquin to the south were also discussing the residency for the new bishopric.9 That town was also considered a suitable site as it was largest and one of the oldest of Riverina towns. So why did Hay become the 'cathedral city' of the newly formed Diocese? In 1882, despite the one hundred and fifteen thousand square miles covered by the Diocese, Hay and Deniliquin were the largest towns within its boundaries and Narrandera the only other town, which the Bishop might have even considered.' The Riverina may have included almost one third of the colony of New South Wales but at that time, prior to mineral discoveries around Broken Hill and development of irrigation schemes, it was sparsely populated. From December 1881, when the generosity of John Campbell, MLC, enabled the new Diocese to be established with a ten thousand pound bequest, the towns in the western Riverina began vying for the honour of being cathedral city. A public meeting was held in Hay in May 1882, and Chairman, Mr H. T. Makin, was reported as saying:
'...In the event of the Bishop deciding to reside at Hay, a Cathedral would be built here and the town would become a city; the presence of the Bishop in their midst was calculated to improve the tone of society, and would benefit the inhabitants socially, morally and commercially.'

Even in 1882 the leading citizens were quite confident that the Bishop would select Hay for its many advantages over Deniliquin and Narrandera. Its central location and '...being directly in communication with the metropolis' would, they felt, assure Hay's selection. They also discussed the need for the people of Hay to pledge financial support to enable the Bishop's residence and cathedral to be built here. Ninety pounds was pledged at this meeting.

At the request of the Diocese of Goulburn, the Archbishops of Canterbury and York and the Bishop of London selected the first Bishop of Riverina.12 On 17 November 1883 the position was offered to the Right Reverend Sydney Linton (Freeman, 2010).

Sydney Linton arrived with his wife and family in Sydney on board the PARRAMATTA in early 1885 and was enthroned as the Anglican Bishop of the Riverina at St Paul's Church, Hay on 18th March of that same year. He travelled extensively throughout the area during his early ministry and experienced the extremes of the Riverina climate and had ample opportunity to consider the design of a building to accommodate his family and the administrative needs of the Diocese. The result is an innovative and successful building constructed in 1888 (National Trust).

The Bishop's Lodge residence was constructed in Hay by Linton after promises of support from the Mayor and people of Hay. These promises were not fulfilled and the Linton family bore the major part of the debt for construction after the Bishop's death. The diocesan headquarters were later transferred to Narrandera (AHC).

Linton employed the architectural practice of Sulman and Parkes, based in Sydney, and the plans for Bishop's Lodge were drawn by John Sulman, incorporating Linton's many ideas for climate control. John Sulman, born in 1849, left a thriving practice in England when he and his invalid wife migrated to New South Wales in 1885. He was a highly successful and respected architect whose practice in the colony also prospered and he remained a partner in the firm Sulman and Power until 1928. His contribution to his profession also included teaching. From 1887 until 1912 he lectured in architecture in the Faculty of Engineering at Sydney University and from 1916 to 1927 he was again at the University, lecturing in Town Planning. It would appear that Bishop's Lodge stands alone in his work, being quite atypical of his style. Much of his work featured Italianate detailing and was constructed in brick and or stone. Comparisons with other examples of his work from the same period as Bishop's Lodge would appear to confirm Bishop Linton's major influence in the design and materials for the Lodge. For example the Yaralla Cottages in Concord, Sydney, were also completed in 1889, but in an English Queen Anne Revival style with what has been described as 'archetypical Sulmanesque marriage of brick and finely carved sandstone detailing (Freeman, 2010).

The home grounds comprised eight acres with a further thirteen acres across the road (now the highway). In 1889, 400 fruit and ornamental trees were planted... Ah Mow was the original gardener and he remained with Bishop Anderson (Hay District Council, c2004). He also drove his (Linton's) phaeton (open carriage) and later converted to the Anglican faith, assiting the Bishop in the church (Dixon, 2006).

Thus Hay became the cathedral city of the new Diocese. The population then, as now, was approximately three thousand. At that time Hay was an established town in the centre of the vast Riverina plains, with many imposing public buildings and urban services such as reticulated water. St Paul's pro-cathedral was erected by the end of 1885, the
original plans to build a school room and synod hail having been hastily re-arranged and improved upon in order to create a 'temporary' cathedral.

Finally, in 1890 Bishop Linton and his family were able to move into their new, almost completed, residence. The Bishop wrote that:
... "The home surpasses all our utmost expectations, for comfort, convenience, and for beauty. The painting of the interior iron walls is lovely, and is done in admirable taste, the exterior is quite plain, but not ugly, having no ornamentation beyond the Christian sign over the main entrance, and a [bishop's] mitre carved in the woodwork. We can now speak of the house as being admirable for a summer residence, and cool beyond any other in town. The thermometer has never exceeded 90 degrees within the house. The chapel will look very well when finished. It has a painted glass window manufactured in Sydney, from instructions given by me.' (Freeman, 2010).

When the Lintons moved into the new and nearly finished Bishop's Lodge in September 1889, a substantial fence surrounded about eight acres, which comprised the home grounds. Here the ground was ploughed to a depth of 18 inches and four hundred trees, both fruit and ornamental, were planted over a three-month period that spring. A further thirteen acres of paddock lay immediately to the south. This was an area subject to flooding by the Bungah Creek, and the Bishop felt it would be exceedingly valuable for the cultivation of horse feed and fruit trees, if irrigated. It was separated from the Lodge by Moama Street, which is now the Sturt Highway.

The early garden suffered two major set backs. In November 1890 an extraordinary plague of locusts stripped the entire garden, eating all the vegetables and flowers and the leaves and young shoots of the fruit trees, in some cases ring-barking the stems. This was despite great efforts by Bishop Linton and all at hand to prevent damage by lighting fires and filling the garden with murky smoke and also beating around the garden with sacks. According to Linton, every garden within a hundred mile radius was equally attacked, only the older, more established gardens were better able to survive the locusts.

In October 1891 a flood inundated half of the grounds, the river being 25 feet above the usual summer level. Some portions of garden were four feet under and many fruit trees were flooded for weeks. The house remained four feet above the water. Linton wrote that most of the Chinese market gardens around Hay were inundated and supplies had to be brought from Sydney. The vegetable gardens were better off than most, as beds then currently in use were above flood level, however he did note that strawberries, asparagus and rhubarb were out of sight and would probably perish. The flood-prone aspect of some of the grounds would explain the way in which the garden has developed.

By the early 1890s Linton's diocese covered over a third of New South Wales but included few more than 20,000 Anglicans, many of the landholders were absentees or non-Anglicans while the mines at Broken Hill were attracting increasing numbers of Methodists. In an effort to make his diocese an effective unit of the Church, Bishop Linton had set up regular diocesan institutions. A Church Society was founded in 1885 to build up a central fund and promote the extension of work in the diocese. The first synod met in 1887 and by 1890 its constitution was in good order. He recruited new clergy, his staff of six in 1885 had by 1893 increased to eighteen. Churches were built and new parishes were formed and the diocese was enlarged by the accession of the township Wilcannia from the Bathurst diocese (ibid, 2010).

Under this English-born, Oxford-educated Bishop, this (then) incongruous home became the social hub of the Riverina. Grounds were landscaped in a manner befitting a Bishop and his family...Linton's vision was to surround his house with garden. His concept was devoid of pretension. No cast iron fountains or grandiose schemes. Instead - simple pine posts and marsupial wire to enclose the rose garden and a picket fence along the front with corrugated iron fencing enclosing the remainder of the garden (Dixon, 2006, 1).

Bishop Sidney Linton died in 1894. Almost immediately the Church authorities turned to the question of the Diocesan debt incurred in Bishop's Lodge. The responsibility for the debt had now shifted from the Bishop himself, to the Diocese.

Bishop Ernest Augustus Anderson was installed as the new Bishop of Riverina in 1894. He was consecrated at St Paul's Cathedral, London, on 29 June next year, then raised money for his diocese before returning to New South Wales, and he was installed in St Paul's Pro-Cathedral at Hay on 11 February 1896. Bishop Anderson had had experience in Queensland with similar bush conditions to those he met in the Riverina Diocese, now a see of over 70,000 square miles, with fourteen parishes worked by fifteen clergy. He was faced immediately with the financial collapse of his diocese.

The rose garden was established by Bishop Anderson between 1895-1915. Pepper(corn) (Schinus molle var. areira) and plane (Platanus species) were the dominant trees (planted)(Hay District Council, c2004).

As early as 1897 the matter of the Bishop's stipend was being aired publicly: '...A telegram from Hay states that prompt steps are being taken to secure to Bishop Anderson the salary which was attached to his office upon his being raised to the episcopate. The salary was then (Pounds)1,000 per annum, but owing to losses of revenue it is now only half that amount.'

The financial collapse was partly due to the debt on Bishop's Lodge, and partly to the fact that the diocesan Episcopal Endowment fund had been largely depleted through the dishonesty of a solicitor. After two court cases, by 1915 some (Pounds)11,000 of the original (Pounds)15,000 had been rescued. Meanwhile Anderson had been paid less than half the annual (Pounds)800 he had been promised and had spent his personal fortune in maintaining his position as bishop, furnishing Bishop's Lodge and educating his children; it was twenty-two years before he was free of debt! (ibid, 2010).

Dr Ernest Anderson with his wife, Aimee, and their four children, the oldest of whom, Constance, was eleven years old, had moved into Bishop's Lodge in 1895. Henrietta was nine, Sleeman was five and Ralph was four when they arrived in Hay. Two further daughters were born after the family moved to Hay, Mary in 1898 and Joy in 1900 (ibid, 2010).

Thus Bishop Anderson's household was the same size as the Linton family and they found Bishop's Lodge provided spacious accommodation. At the time of arrival in Hay, Bishop Anderson was thirty-six and a man of great activity and physical strength, essential attributes for what was still largely a pioneering role. Bishop Anderson was also a man of considerable artistic sensitivity. He collected china, developed extensive rose gardens both in Hay and New Zealand and painted and sketched. His mural painted on the eastern wall of the Pro-Cathedral was a feature of the Church until the mural was damaged by fire in 1964. He was described as a hard worker and vigorous preacher who held broad views.

The staff at Bishop's Lodge during much of the Andersons' time was married couple, Mr and Mrs Bond, who lived in the rooms off the kitchen. Annie Bond was cook and Mr Bond worked in the garden. There was a parlour maid and a governess who came in daily from Hay. Chinese gardener, Ah Mow, had been engaged by Linton in the early 1890s and was still at Bishop's Lodge in 1921.

Over the thirty years of Anderson's episcopacy his family grew and occupancy of Bishop's Lodge changed. During the first fifteen years it was of young children, enjoying beach holidays at Portarlington, playing with dogs, cats and ponies, holding tennis parties and having lessons either with governess or at the private Hay Grammar school run by Mrs Gegg, wife of the manager of the Bank of New South Wales. The Bishop was frequently away for weeks at a time as he travelled to all parts of his Diocese. From 1915 motorcars made travel easier, but Anderson still had to make long annual tours on unmade roads. During his episcopate 32 churches and many rectories were built and the number of clergy increased. Diocesan finances after 1920 were stable.

By 1924, when Anderson announced his retirement, many in the Diocese felt Bishop's Lodge had become unsuitable as the Bishop's residence. Its upkeep had been a great burden on the Bishop, made much more so by the small income he had been obliged to accept because of mismanagement of the Diocesan Trust Fund. Unwise investments by the Diocesan solicitors in Goulburn had seriously depleted the capital of the Bishopric Endowment Fund and Pioneer Clergy Fund. Anderson's entire episcopate was plagued by financial worries as a result of the 'roguery of a certain solicitor'. The much reduced income he received meant he was obliged to use almost his entire private capital of between (Pounds)5000 and (Pounds)6,000 in meeting the expense of educating his family and running the Bishop's Lodge household.

As a result he was obliged to seek a retirement allowance from the synod and in 1924 it discussed establishment of a Retirement Fund, the interest from which would provide retirement incomes for all future Bishops. Anderson received an annual retirement income of (Pounds)360. During his episcopacy Anderson also took upon himself the task of trying to rebuild capital in the Episcopal Endowment Fund and managed to raise (Pounds)9,000 in many trips around the Diocese. This was added to the (Pounds)11000 eventually recovered from the original fund of (Pounds)15,000. Thus Anderson left the Diocese on a very sound financial footing, having inherited such a problem. By 1918 Anderson had also managed to pay off loans taken to build Bishop's Lodge, 30 years earlier. As the time approached for the Bishop's resignation, the diocese publicly considered the future for the large and financially draining Bishop's Lodge property.

Pencil pines (aka Mediterranean cypresses, Cupressus sempervirons) and (Canary Island date: Phoenix canariensis: Stuart Read, 2006) palms were planted about 1931 (Hay District Council, c.2004).

From all accounts Anderson had no reason to be ashamed of Bishop's Lodge or its garden. The garden had flourished and was renowned for roses he planted. Despite Canon Kitchen's misgivings the house continued to be of use to the Church until 1946. Within the Linton incumbency, there had been a formal entrance from Lang Street with a wide carriage-way leading to the turning circle in front of the building, but for most of the 20 th century only a walking path down the centre of the carriageway has been maintained for pedestrian visitors to the Lodge. As far back as Anderson's time the Roset Street entrance has been known as the 'front gate'. By about 1915, when Anderson and family had been in residence for 20 years, the view from the front verandah was one of well kept lawns and beautifully tended gardens on every side. There were large rose bushes in the middle of the circular lawn and well-grown shrubs in the beds on the eastern side of the front garden. The (Peruvian) pepper(corn) trees and plane tree were well grown (ibid, 2010).

The extensive rose garden was north of the driveway as one entered from Roset Street. Bishop Anderson was an enthusiastic gardener who loved his roses. He bought them from many sources and enjoyed exhibiting them. Every rose bush was labelled with a metal plate fixed to a peg. What is now called the 'hidden garden' was then an enclosed rose garden, which could he clearly seen from the entrance; but subsequent growth has concealed it. Some of the original posts and high wire netting remain there, chicken wire below and large gauged marsupial wire above. All of the rose bushes within are believed to have been planted by Bishop Anderson. He also had orange and lemon trees around beds in the rose garden. During Bishop Anderson's time there was a summer-house on the northern boundary of the enclosed rose garden. It was built of wood and had seats within. A rose-covered archway over the central path of the rose garden lead to the summer-house. Bishop Anderson also had a little bush house for the propagation of seedlings and housing of pot plants on the western side of the house, close to the verandah (ibid, 2010).

The wide access to Lang Street and the river, which was directly in line with the front door, was generally used as a footpath. Flanking this main path for its entire length were trellises made of pine poles threaded with wire on which the Chinese gardener, Ah Mow, grew all kinds of white and black table grapes. Rosemary and lavender grew below the trellises. Ah Mow kept a vegetable garden in the north west corner of the grounds just inside the Lang Street gates. He also kept a vegetable garden at the back [south] of the building. As well as providing for the family he sold produce to the public, travelling around town with a horse and cart. Ah Mow lived at the stables and was a well-known fixture at Bishop's Lodge. He had been engaged by Bishop Linton, presumably in the early 1890s, and was still part of the Bishop's Lodge establishment in 1921. There was usually another gardener to tend the rest of the garden. Often a married couple was employed as gardener and cook. Between the circular drive and Ah Mow's vegetable garden adjacent Lang Street was an orchard (ibid, 2010).

Two weeks before the departure ceremony for Bishop Anderson Bishop's Lodge was offered for sale. Advertisements for the sale of the building were to continue for another four months, until 24 March 1925. Obviously the Diocese was desperate to be rid of the property! The absence of a willing buyer obviously forced the Diocese to reconsider its decision to dispose of the Lodge, for six months later the newly incumbent Bishop Halse took up residence there.
Pursuant to the proposed sale of Bishop's Lodge, and Bishop Anderson's removal to New Zealand the whole contents of Bishop's Lodge were offered in a clearing sale to be held on 10 December 1924. The list of items, and corresponding rooms, gives an understanding of the way in which the Lodge was used by Bishop Anderson and his family (ibid, 2010).

In 1925 Bishop Halse was appointed Bishop of the Riverina. He was quoted as saying he would divide his time as Bishop into three. A third to be spent in Hay, a third travelling around the Diocese, and the remaining third being spent travelling outside the Diocese serving the wider Church. During the early years of Halse's episcopacy Bishop's Lodge was often empty. Given the Church's unsuccessful attempts to sell the building during 1925, little maintenance was carried out and the Lodge often wore a rather deserted appearance.

During the early period of Bishop Halse's incumbency, the grounds, which still extended down to Lang Street, are remembered as extensive gardens of trees and shrubs dissected by a number of paths where young clerics could occasionally be seen at their devotions.

The stables became home to the Dean family at some stage in the 1920s, probably when the Bishop acquired a car and no longer used the stables for their intended purpose. The Deans were a large family, sleeping upstairs in the loft and living downstairs. The lower floor remained as packed earth and their kitchen was in the pump house a little way from the
stables. They continued living at the stables until the early 1940s when Mr Dean died and the family dispersed. The stables were presumably pulled down at that stage and were no longer standing in 1945.

In the 1930s and 1940s Chinese market gardens flourished on the riverbank just over this washaway to the west. They supplied the Linton House hostel with all its vegetables. For a time there was a tennis court in the north-east corner of the Bishop's Lodge grounds. It was probably on the same site as the [later] boy's hostel tennis court, which was established in 1935 [about where Mr and Mrs Munn's house is now situated, at 352 Lang Street]. The Anderson children would often hold tennis parties (ibid, 2010).

Between 1931 and 1935 a Canary Island date palm (Phoenix canariensis) was planted on the circular front lawn and pencil pines (/Mediterranean cypresses, Cupressus sempervirens) on the eastern front lawn. It was some time after 1931 that the thick olive hedge (Olea europaea) , which extended from the Lang Street gates to Roset Street, was cleared.

In 1935 the nearby portion of land was cleared for the Linton House tennis court. The olive hedge remained along Roset Street, billowing out over the fence at head height. There was a gate in the Roset Street fence immediately east of the kitchen block, used by the staff and for delivery of goods to the kitchen.

Bishop Halse greatly enjoyed the Bishop's Lodge garden and it continued to be well maintained during his episcopacy. He decreed that there should be no blinds or curtains on the dining room windows, saying that a garden was for looking at. By about 1940 the garden between the building and the Roset Street gate was an immaculately kept lawn bordered by flower beds and containing circular flower beds and three young pencil pines. The dense shrubbery of 1915 had been removed completely.

Nine years after Halse's arrival and half way through his incumbency as Bishop of Riverina, the decision was taken to convert part of the Lodge for use as a boy's hostel. In 1935 a large part of the house was adapted for it to become the Linton House Hostel for Boys. Bishop's Lodge was seen to be admirably suitable with its large house and spacious grounds providing plenty of space for tennis, cricket and football. The addition of a swimming beach close by and good fishing from the Murrumbidgee River banks completed its attributes as a boys' hostel. The hostel operated successfully at Bishop's Lodge until the Diocese finally found a purchaser for the building in 1946. The Matron was ordered to close the Hostel on the 13th of December that year (ibid, 2010).

In 1943, Bishop Halse left the diocese and the Lodge. On 20 December 1946, the Anglican Diocese of Riverina finally (after the Diocese's twenty-two year search for a buyer) arranged the sale of the Bishop's Lodge. On that day it was sold (for 1200 pounds: Hay Shire Council, c.2004) to Mr Nick Panaretto and Mrs Kerany Carides. Neither the Carides nor the Panarettos had children and the four of them lived comfortably in Bishop's Lodge until first Mr Panaretto's death in 1964, then Mrs Carides' death in 1973. Mr Carides died in 1980 and after living alone in the house for five years Mrs Panaretto negotiated to sell the property to the Hay Shire Council in 1985. (ibid, 2010).

In 1985 Council purchased the property (fo0r $85,000: Hay Shire Council, c.2004) and have since run it as a community house museum and for events.

Grants of $332,000 were used to fund conservation of the building in the 1980s (Hay Shire Council, c.2004).

In 1988 the grounds were reduced to 3.5 acres. 50 roses (bushes) were still growing in the garden. 32 different old varieties (cultivars) and another 50 were planted (Hay Shire Council, c.2004) by the Bishop's Lodge Advisory Committee in the eastern front lawn in beds, which corresponded with earlier beds that bounded the driveway. Roses, believed to have been introduced to the garden by Bishop Anderson, have been budded onto hardy under-stock by specialists. It is the Bishop's Lodge Management Committee policy that the garden should complement the house. Various factors, including floods and fashions, have, over the years, dictated changes and usage of the grounds. It is not intended to present a garden style of a particular period, but to preserve the special feeling of the garden: replace some of what is documented as existing in the garden, resist the temptation to over-zealously prune and clear and carefully develop this garden which has been loved for more than one hundred years (ibid, 2010).

In 1996, 21 old ('heritage') roses were still unidentified. 11 have possible identities (identified cultivar names) and 6 have been identified as being pre-1925 (cultivars). 2 old roses were lost accidentally (Hay District Council, c.2004).

In 1992 the Roset Street rose hedge of 30 roses was planted. The Kitchen Garden was re-established in 1994 and in 1996 the Picking Garden was planted with 95 roses, 11 nut and fruit trees. There are now (c.2004) about 500 rose bushes established in the garden (Hay District Council, c.2004).

A group of ten diligent gardeners keep the garden in order. There are no Bishops residing here now - only three 'Bishop's roses' in the garden - three tall, unnamed (identified) roses. As Brenda Weir, member of the garden (volunteers) has said: 'Hazel le Rougetel, David Ruston and other rosarians have all tried their hand at identification but there are ones here unknown to anyone'. Three have been included in 'Botanica' - a tall, very fragrant pink rose similar to 'Paul Neyron' named 'Bishop's Lodge Sydney Linton' (after the first bishop), another tall very double pale pink tea rose, 'Bishop's Lodge Jane Isabella Linton' (after Linton's wife) and a tall stately mid-pink tea rose named 'Bishop's Lodge Sulmanesque' after architect John Sulman who designed the lodge. Roses are propogated and plants potted for sale at Bishop's Lodge and their major fundraising - a spring market held on the third Sunday of October (Dixon, 2006, 2).

Bishop's Lodge is open Mondays-Saturdays, 2-4.30pm (www.bishopslodgehay.com).

In March 2020 the exhibition 'Through the Keyhole' opens at Bishop's Lodge and all friends and followers are invited to unlock the collection on opening night March 19th, 5.30-7.30pm (HHA e-news, 3/2020).

Historic themes

Australian theme (abbrev)New South Wales themeLocal theme
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Gardens-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Introduce cultural planting-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Changing the environment-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Cultural: Rivers and water bodies important to humans-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Cultural: Plains and plateaux supporting human activities-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Ethnic influences-Activities associated with common cultural traditions and peoples of shared descent, and with exchanges between such traditions and peoples. Chinese agricultural practises-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Ethnic influences-Activities associated with common cultural traditions and peoples of shared descent, and with exchanges between such traditions and peoples. English migrants-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Ethnic influences-Activities associated with common cultural traditions and peoples of shared descent, and with exchanges between such traditions and peoples. Chinese migrants-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Migration-Activities and processes associated with the resettling of people from one place to another (international, interstate, intrastate) and the impacts of such movements Free Immigrants in the 19th century-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Migration-Activities and processes associated with the resettling of people from one place to another (international, interstate, intrastate) and the impacts of such movements Settling in country towns-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Commerce-Activities relating to buying, selling and exchanging goods and services Tourist Industry-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Developing local, regional and national economies-National Theme 3
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Creating environments evocative of the 'old country'-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Landscapes of contemplation and devotion-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Landscapes and gardens of domestic accommodation-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Landscapes demonstrating styles in landscape design-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Landscapes and parklands of distinctive styles-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Landscapes and parklands of distinctive styles-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Events-Activities and processes that mark the consequences of natural and cultural occurences Developing local landmarks-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Events-Activities and processes that mark the consequences of natural and cultural occurences Providing a venue for significant events-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Transport-Activities associated with the moving of people and goods from one place to another, and systems for the provision of such movements Travelling to and within remote areas-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Transport-Activities associated with the moving of people and goods from one place to another, and systems for the provision of such movements Travelling Stock Routes-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Building settlements, towns and cities-National Theme 4
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Architectural design-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Victorian era residence-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Federation era residence-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. gentlemen's residences-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Housing (regional towns)-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Housing the clergy and religious-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal 1820s-1850s land grants-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Townships-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Early farming (sheep grazing)-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Closer Settlement-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Living on the fringes without formal occupancy-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Naming places (toponymy)-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Leasing land for pastoral purposes-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Administering and alienating Crown lands-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Changing land uses - from rural to tourist-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Changing land uses - from rural to suburban-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages 19th century suburban developments-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Subdivision of urban estates-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Developing the social life of a rural community-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Outlying settlements-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Developing government towns-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Evolution of railway towns-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Shaping remote inland settlements-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Impacts of railways on rural development-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Shaping riverine settlement-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Shaping inland settlements-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Cultural Social and religious life-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages living in the country-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Rural Estates-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Roadside Villages-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Country Villa-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Creating landmark structures and places in regional settings-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Role of transport in settlement-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Beautifying towns and villages-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Developing towns in response to topography-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Planning relationships between key structures and town plans-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Planned towns serving a specific industry-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working independently on the land-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working in places of public entertainment-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Servants quarters-
6. Educating-Educating Education-Activities associated with teaching and learning by children and adults, formally and informally. Adult Education-
6. Educating-Educating Education-Activities associated with teaching and learning by children and adults, formally and informally. Community education - adults, school excursions-
6. Educating-Educating Education-Activities associated with teaching and learning by children and adults, formally and informally. Private (religious) schooling-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. State government-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Colonial government-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - grants of land for agriculture-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - administration of land-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - providing museums-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - facilitating agriculture-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - facilitating pastoralism-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - conserving cultural and natural heritage-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Developing cultural institutions and ways of life-National Theme 8
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Landscaping - Victorian period-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Landscaping - 20th century interwar-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Landscaping - 20th century post WW2-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Artists, bohemians and intellectuals squat or gathering point-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Architectural styles and periods - Victorian (late)-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Building in response to climate - ventilation devices-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Architectural styles and periods - Federation Arts and Crafts-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Landscaping - Federation period-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Adaptation of overseas design for local use-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Designing making and using ecclesiastical furniture-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Interior design styles and periods - Edwardian-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Interior design styles and periods - Victorian-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Designing landscapes in an exemplary style-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Designing structures to emphasise their important roles-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Building in response to natural landscape features.-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Building in response to climate - bushfires-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Designing in an exemplary architectural style-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Performing important ceremonies and rituals-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Country estates - visiting, enjoying-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Ways of life 1900-1950-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Ways of life 1950-2000-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Ways of life 1850-1900-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Ornamental Garden-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Physical evidence of creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses, through domestic artefacts scatters, ar-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Living on the urban fringe-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Living in a rural homestead-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Kitchens and servants-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Outdoor relief-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Tourism-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Visiting gardens-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Horse riding-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Visiting heritage places-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Going to a museum-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Activities associated with relaxation and recreation-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Gardening-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Developing collections of items-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Gathering at landmark places to socialise-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Leisure-Includes tourism, resorts.
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Religion-Activities associated with particular systems of faith and worship Practising Anglicanism-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Community volunteering-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Community organisations-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Providing charity-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Fund-raising activities for community charities-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Joining together to study and appreciate philosophy-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Belonging to an institution for self improvement-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Places of informal community gatherings-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Developing and maintaining a local museum-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Belonging to an historical society or heritage organisation-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Social institutions-Activities and organisational arrangements for the provision of social activities Developing local clubs and meeting places-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups Associations with Sir John Sulman, architect and town planner-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups Associations with Ah Mow, Chinese gardener, Bishop's assistant-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups Associations with Bishop Sydney Linton, Anglican Bishop of the Riverina-

Recommended management:

Recommendations

Management CategoryDescriptionDate Updated
Recommended ManagementReview a Conservation Management Plan (CMP) 
Recommended ManagementPrepare a maintenance schedule or guidelines 
Recommended ManagementCarry out interpretation, promotion and/or education 

Procedures /Exemptions

Section of actDescriptionTitleCommentsAction date
57(2)Exemption to allow workStandard Exemptions HERITAGE ACT 1977

ORDER UNDER SECTION 57(2) TO GRANT STANDARD EXEMPTIONS FROM APPROVAL

I, Penny Sharpe, the Minister for Heritage, on the recommendation of the Heritage Council of New South Wales and under section 57(2) of the Heritage Act 1977:

revoke the order made on 2 June 2022 and published in the Government Gazette Number 262 of 17 June 2022; and

grant an exemption from section 57(1) of the Act in respect of the engaging in or carrying out the class of activities described in clause 2 Schedule A in such circumstances specified by the relevant standards in clause 2 Schedule A and General Conditions in clause 3 Schedule A.

This Order takes effect on the date it is published in the NSW Government Gazette.

Dated this 29th day of October 2025
The Hon Penny Sharpe MLC
Minister for Heritage

For more information on standard exemptions click on the link below. 		Nov 7 2025

PDF Standard exemptions for engaging in or carrying out activities / works otherwise prohibited by section 57(1) of the Heritage Act 1977

Listings

Heritage ListingListing TitleListing NumberGazette DateGazette NumberGazette Page
Heritage Act - State Heritage Register 0048202 Apr 99 271546
Heritage Act - Permanent Conservation Order - former 0048210 Oct 86 1614977
Local Environmental PlanHay Local Environmental Plan 2011I2109 Dec 11   
National Trust of Australia register  293326 Mar 84   
Register of the National Estate 1449014 May 91   

Study details

TitleYearNumberAuthorInspected byGuidelines used
National Trust Country Register02933National Trust of Australia (NSW)  No

References, internet links & images

TypeAuthorYearTitleInternet Links
TourismAttraction Homepage2007Bishops Lodge View detail
WrittenBishops Lodge Bishops Lodge, Hay (website) View detail
WrittenDixon, Trisha (from an article first published in 10/11/1999 'The Australian Gardener' magazine)2006Bishop's Lodge (tour notes)
WrittenFreeman, Peter1981The Homestead - a Riverina Anthology View detail
WrittenGardam, Mary Louise; Weir, Brenda; Freeman, Peter2003The Bishop's Lodge, Hay, NSW, Australia
WrittenHay District Council, Visitor Services (assumed)2004Historic House and Heritage Rose Garden: Bishop's Lodge, Hay NSW, Australia (brochure)
WrittenHistoric Houses Association of Australia Bishop's Lodge, Hay View detail
WrittenLAUREL CLYDE IN A STRANGE LAND
WrittenMorris, Colleen2002'Sulman, John' (entry) View detail
WrittenNational Trust of Australia (NSW)1984Classification Sheet #2933
WrittenPeter Freeman P/L2010Conservation Management Plan - Bishop's Lodge, Hay, NSW View detail
WrittenThe Bishop's Lodge Management Committee1993The Bishop's Lodge, Hay, New South Wales, Australia (& chapter 2: Evolution of the Garden)
TourismTourism NSW2007Bishops Lodge Historic House Heritage Rose Garden View detail
Writtenunattributed, Riverina Grazier2022Historic Bishop's Lodge one of first sites to receive a prestigious Blue Plaque View detail

Note: internet links may be to web pages, documents or images.
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(Click on thumbnail for full size image and image details)

Data source

The information for this entry comes from the following source:
Name: Heritage NSW
Database number: 5045562
File number: S90/03544 & HC 33329

Every effort has been made to ensure that information contained in the State Heritage Inventory is correct. If you find any errors or omissions please send your comments to the Database Manager.

All information and pictures on this page are the copyright of Heritage NSW or respective copyright owners.