Cumberland District Hospital Group

Item details

Name of item: Cumberland District Hospital Group
Other name/s: Wistaria House Gardens, Cumberland Hospital, Mill, Female Factory, Lunatic Asylum, Psychiatric Hospital; Parramatta North Historic Sites
Type of item: Landscape
Group/Collection: Landscape - Cultural
Category: Historic Landscape
Location: Lat: -33.8017280258 Long: 150.9961747110
Primary address: 5 Fleet Street, Parramatta, NSW 2150
Parish: FIELD OF MARS
County: Cumberland
Local govt. area: City of Parramatta
Local Aboriginal Land Council: Deerubbin
Property description
Lot/Volume CodeLot/Volume NumberSection NumberPlan/Folio CodePlan/Folio Number
LOT1 DP808447
LOT3 DP808447
All addresses
Street AddressSuburb/townLGAParishCountyType
5 Fleet StreetParramattaCity of ParramattaFIELD OF MARSCumberlandPrimary Address

Owner/s

Organisation NameOwner CategoryDate Ownership Updated
NSW Ministry of HealthState Government15 May 12

Statement of significance:

The Cumberland Hospital is a place of National Significance. It provides abundant physical evidence of the formative years of the Colony of New South Wales, and the initial settlement of Parramatta. It has been in continuous institutional use since 1818. What survives of the various buildings, relics and landscapes provides a valuable insight into changing attitudes to welfare, criminal behaviour and mental health, over a period of 175 years.

The layout of the complex and the existing relationships between buildings and spaces continues to convey the organising principles upon which the different institutional uses were administered and structured. The spaces created have continuing landscape significance and aesthetic appeal.

The whole site enjoys an outstanding parkland setting beside the Parramatta River. This reinforces the physical links and historical associations with neighbouring institutional and recreational facilities. These include Parramatta Gaol, Government House, the Norma Parker Centre and Parramatta Park. All of these sites contain buildings listed by the National Trust and the Australian Heritage Commission, making this one of the richest heritage areas in New South Wales.

All buildings on the site have considerable historical interest, particularly those structures dating back to the initial use of the site as the Female Factory, established by Governor Macquarie. They all provided continuing reminders of the original role and function. Most buildings also have great architectural and aesthetic value.

The collection of buildings built for the Lunatic Asylum in the 1870s through to 1910, are outstanding examples of public architecture. Despite their functional simplicity they manifest handsome exteriors, framing the adjoining courtyards in a pleasant human scale. Building 1A, with its imposing clock tower, contributes a sense of dignity and formality.

The architecture of the precinct generally reflects Victorian, Georgian and Classical Revival notions of grandeur. Each of the buildings from the 1870-1901 period reflects the influence of Colonial and Government Architect's James Barnet and Walter Liberty Vernon, as well as FN Manning, the then Inspector-General for all lunatic asylums in New South Wales.

Internally the buildings were functional and rather austere. The spatial arrangements however clearly expressed the original uses and continue to evoke images of their historical role. The site is also considered to be a potentially rich source of archaeological material (NSW Department of Health Property and Heritage Register, 1992)
Date significance updated: 26 Oct 06
Note: The State Heritage Inventory provides information about heritage items listed by local and State government agencies. The State Heritage Inventory is continually being updated by local and State agencies as new information becomes available. Read the Department of Premier and Cabinet copyright and disclaimer.

Description

Designer/Maker: various, incl. F.Greenway, William Buchanan (attrib.), Dr FN Manning,WL Vernon, Charles Moore
Builder/Maker: Watkins & Payten
Construction years: 1803-1901
Physical description: Area: c.26.2ha (East and West campuses). Cumberland District Hospital Group is located on and divided by the Parramatta River at North Parramatta. It is part of a institutional grouping set in a park-like setting by the river. It adjoins Parramatta Correctional Centre (former Parramatta Gaol/ Jail) and the Norma Parker Centre / Kamballa (former Roman Catholic Orphan School and former Parramatta Girls Home).

The site is occupied by a number of institutions namely Cumberland Hospital (Eastern Campus), the former Parramatta Mental Hospital, the former Asylum for the Insane.

The main entrance to the complex is from Fleet Street. This forms the eastern boundary of the Hospital. Fleet Street in turn is accessed from O'Connell Street.

Grounds:
The complex contains a rare and substantially intact, 1860s-1920s major public (designed) landscape with a large and remarkable diverse plant collection including particularly notable collections of mature palms, conifers and Australian rainforest trees (Britton et al, 1999, 3).

The complex sits in generous grounds which are both carefully designed, laid out and richly planted with ornamental species, both native and exotic, some representative and some rare. The palette of plants reflects those both in fashion and distributed by Charles Moore, Director of the Botanic Gardens Sydney (1848-96), via the State Nursery at Campbelltown in the 19th century. The range of shrubs and climbers also reflects the richness and variety of 19th and early 20th century garden design and array.

Charles Moore collected extensively in NSW and Qld. rainforests and the South Pacific, introducing species into Sydney.

Key themes in the tree palette are rainforest species, both native (predominantly NSW and Qld. in origin) and exotic, palms and conifers.

Landmark Conifers:
There are 5 large specimens of towering Canary Island pine trees (Pinus canariensis) on the Riverside Drive lawn that were c.40m tall in 1991 (Spencer, 1995, 250). There is a rich array of conifers, such as the more-rarely seen Indian chir pines (P.roxburghii), NSW and Qld. rainforest plants such as firewheel trees (Stenocarpus sinuatus), (some rainforest conifers such as the Bunya (Araucaria bidwillii) and hoop pines (A.cunninghamii), as well as South Pacific Island conifers, e.g. Norfolk Island pines (A.heterophylla) and Cook's pine (A.columnaris) grace the grounds (Stuart Read, pers.comm., 20/8/2015).

Major Rainforest Trees:
Rainforest fig trees such as Hill's fig (Ficus microcarpa var. Hillii), Port Jackson or rusty fig (F.rubiginosa) and Moreton Bay fig (F.macrophylla) are notable (ibid, 2015).

Palm collection:
The site has a rich collection of native and exotic palms, including national rarities such as the endangered Chilean wine palm (Jubaea chilensis) of which there are five on site and Mexican pony tail palm (Nolina sp.) occur along with less-rare but still uncommon exotics such as the Argentine jelly palm (Butia capitata), Senegalese date palm (Phoenix senegalensis), date palm (P.dactylifera), Canary Island date palms (P.canariensis), the more commonly-met Californian desert fan palms (Washingtonia robusta) and locally native rainforest species, the cabbage tree palm (Livistona australis). The New Zealand cabbage tree / palm lily (Cordyline australis) grows outside the Main Administration building's portico on the site's north-western edge (ibid, 2015).

Lawns:
Two large lawn areas form the heart of the site and its northern part, formerly the timber Male Wards (demolished except for the large Kitchen Block) and later chapel.

Buildings:
Built elements of state significance within Cumberland Hospital are:
Ward 1;
Ward 1 Day Room;
Accommodation Block for Wards 2 and 3;
Ward 4 West Range;
Ward 4 North Range;
former Ward 5 South Range;
Kitchen Block; former Day Room for Wards 4 and 5;
Cricket Shelter;
Administration Building;
Wistaria House, Gardens and Siteworks;
Sandstone Perimeter and Courtyard Block Walling and Ha Ha.
Physical condition and/or
Archaeological potential: 		various
Date condition updated:21 Aug 15
Modifications and dates: various.

9/2011: The Premier Barry O'Farrell MP officially opened the new Sydney Harbour Foreshore Track (section through Cumberland Hospital from Wisteria Gardens to Darling Mills & Toongabbie Creek junctions) on 23/9/11 along with Health Minister Jillian Skinner, The Walking Volunteers group Phil Jenkyn and Mayor John Chedid (Parramatta Advertiser, 28/9/11).
Current use: mixed health and community uses
Former use: Aboriginal land, private farm (Marsden); Female jail and factory; Lunatic Asylum; Hospital

History

Historical notes: The site it located on the Parramatta River in a transitional area between the Wianamatta Shale and Sandstone group soils. The topography is one of alluvial flats (flood plain) dropping away at the river.

The Burramuttagal clan of the Eora Aboriginal people occupied and used the area for its rich resources - in game, fish, timber, plant foods and fibres.

After Governor Phillip navigated the Parramatta River and reached the site of (later) Parramatta, he established a new settlement including a Government stockade, convict huts and areas for farm cropping and gardens slightly south and west of the subject area (in what would be the Government or Governor's Domain, later Parramatta Park).

Early attempts at mechanised flour milling were unsuccessful in both Sydney and Parramatta. In 1800 Governor Hunter announced his intention to try a water mill at Parramatta.

The site selected was the eastern bank of the river, near the Norma Parker Centre, where flat river stones formed a natural weir and causeway. Work digging the race and mill dam started in 1799. The mill took years to build. The Rev. Samuel Marsden was superintendent of public works at Parramatta and supervised its construction until 1803. Governor King brought from Norfolk Island a convict millwright, Nathaniel Lucas, and Alexander Dolliss, master boat builder, to assist in that year. They found the earlier construction poor and had to rebuild it. It finally opened in 1804 (DPWS, 2000, 48-9).

The Mill Phase 1803-1818: In the early days of settlement the site was associated with the nearby mill. A mill race, or fleet, was constructed across the land (that later became Cumberland Hospital). It carried water from the river, at a point to the north, to the mill further south.

The Female Factory: (1818-47)
The practical difficulties of establishing a colonial settlement in NSW meant that accomodation for convicts was a much lower priority than essential works such as those relating to food production and transport. Principal Chaplain the Rev.Samuel Marsden had expressed concern over many years at the lack of accomodation for female convicts, thus forcing them into prostitution to pay for private shelter. The problem grew with increased numbers of women sentenced into transportation. The upper floor of the first Parramatta Gaol was used from 1804 to provide a place of confinement and work for convict women spinning wool but they were rarely kept working beyond one o'clock and there were no cooking facilities. Because it provided employment for them, it became known as the Female Factory and this term continued to be used for all subsequent prisons for female convicts (DPWS, 2000, 57).

Institutional use of the site commenced in 1818 when Governor Macquarie laid the foundation stone for what was called the Female Factory. As the use was established other buildings were constructed, elements of which persist.

Macquarie announced in March 1818 that accomodation for female convicts would be built. Work started in July, being undertaken by Parramatta contractors Watkins & Payten. The Factory covered four acres (1.6ha) with the main building three storeys high. It was occupied in February 1821 when 112 women were moved from the old factory to the new. Commissioner Bigge, investigating Macquarie's administration, was highly critical at the lack of priority given to the project but also critical that it was too elaborate, believing that a walled enclosure of an acre and a half (0.6ha) at the old site with timber buildings for accomodation and a work room would have been sufficient.

The new building, intended for 300 women, was built 'at the extremity of a large, uninclosed tract of sterile ground' adjoining the river, which in flood came close to the wall of the new Factory. The cost was 4800 pounds, increased by 1200 pounds for perimeter wall and flood protection measures. Proximity to the river was important because of the intended occupation of the women in spinning flax and bleaching linen, though Bigge doubted that this was sufficient reason to build so close to the river and within 30 yards of Government House on the other side of the river.

Bigge's report included recommendations for managing the Factory, suggesting a married women rather than a married man would be a more appropriate manager and she could live in a house within view of the factory (but not within it). Separation of newly arrived women from those sent to the factory for punishment was essential and he recommended that a new range of sleeping rooms and work rooms be built. Sewing clothing and making straw hats should be added to the spinning and carding work to occupy their time.

The desire to classify and segregate the women led to their division into three classes and construction of a penitentiary enclosure to accomodate 60 women of the third or penal class, in 1826. A two-storey building, probably designed by William Buchanan, was erected for the worst class of prisoners to the north-west of the main building and enclosed with a small yard.

Later in the 1860s this building was modified and the first floor removed to make a ward 'for imbeciles and idiots', but it survives as the most substantial remnant of the Female Factory (ibid, 58)(today this is referred to as Building 105).

Shortly before leaving for Britain in 1837, Governor Gipps was given authority to improve the separation of prisoners, especially the penal class. His predecessor Governor Bourke, had authorised the construction of a new wing at the Female Factory but work had not started. Gipps was able to modify the proposal, incorporating the newest trend in British prisons, the American Separate System of solitary cells. His modifications included removing windows in the ground floor to increase punishment and reducing cell sizes, changes which horrified the British designers. Gipps was instructed to cut windows into the ground floor punishment cells. The three-storey cell block was built between 1838-9 to the south of the original Female Factory complex. The increased punishment capacity at Parramatta meant that the government could end transportation of women to Moreton Bay (later Brisbane). It had been the destiny of nearly 300 females who had been transported for colonial crimes. Women with colonial sentences now came to Parramatta.

By 1830 the Female Factory was one of a number of institutions where convicts were employed, although it was the only one for women. It was staffed by a matron, storekeeper, clerk, four assistants to matron, a portress, gate keeper and constable and seven monitresses.

Dissatisfaction with rations in 1827 led to a revolt among the women, who broke out and raided the bakers, gin shops and butchers in Parramatta. Such unrest usually coincided with overcrowding and declining conditions.

The report of the Board of Management of the Female Factory for the first half of 1829 reported that there were 209 women in the First class; 142 in the Second; 162 in the Third or Penal class which included free women under sentence; 27 in hospital, making a total of 540 women and 61 children - 601 individuals in facilities designed for only 232. Of these women, only 133 women in the First class were eligible for assignment.

The women had to stay in the factory and nurse their children until they were three years old when the children were transferred to the orphan schools. The authorities believed that many mistreated their baby so they can get out of the Factory when it died, an observation seemingly supported by 24 births and 22 deaths within six months. The Board recommended a nursery for the children when they were weaned so their mothers could goo out early on assignment. The matron tried to keep women occupied but there was not always enough wool for the textile operations. A new building for a weaving shop was being built in 1829 but not yet completed. Changes to the rules on eligibility for tickets of leave enabled 21 women who were old and infirm and not eligible for assignment to be discharged in the first of many attempts to reduce overcrowding.

There were 1315 women imprisoned in Sydney Gaol in 1830, 33 at Parramatta Gaol, 87 at Liverpool, 84 at Windsor, 91 at Newcastle, 21 at Penrith, 52 at Bathurst, all mostly held for misdemeanors. As the report on gaols noted almost all females were not actual criminals but prisoners of the Crown who had been assigned as servants but were not being returned to the Government. They were sent to the gaols as a place of security until an opportunity offered of forwarding them to the Factory in Parramatta. Such numbers reinforce the view that the Factory was hopelessly inadequate in size for the role it was expected to play within the convict system (ibid, 58-9).

The end of transportation from Britain in 1840 coincided with an economic depression that reduced employment prospects for assigned female servants. The factory was their only refuge. Those returned to the Government by masters who no longer needed them joined those unable to be assigned because of ill health or nursing children and those kept in the punishment divisions of the factory. Previously time at the factory had been for many a transitory experience, now it had become a destination.

The 1841 census detailed 1339 people living at the Factory - including 1168 women. It was more seriously overcrowded after the convict system ended than at its height. At its worst in the early 1840s it had 1339 people (1841), 1203 in 1842. In the summer of 1843 100 women rioted. They complained to the Governor of maladminstration, inadequate food and overcrowded facilities. Corrupt staff were dismissed and new policies introduced to give the women tickets of leave so they could leave the factory and work for themselves.

By 1847 there were only 124 women and 48 children left inside - fourteen percent of the numbers of five years previous. Half these women were under sentence for crimes committed in the colony. A new superintendent and matron were appointed. Edwin Statham and his wife, appointed in the closing months of the Female Factory, remained at the institution until their retirement thirty years later. Their son remembered the big drains that ran from the old water mill past the Factory and into the river. The entrance to the river was a stone-covered drain, the top end of which was closed by a vertical grating but the lower end was open - and at four feet high and three foot wide provided ample opportunity for adventurous boys to explore. It later became part of the sewerage system of the Hospital for the Insane. Sections of the mill race including the diversion have been uncovered through recent archaeological investigations (ibid, 60-2).

Parramatta Lunatic Asylum (c1848-1872):
In about 1848 the emphasis shifted to the accommodation of lunatics, both male and female. Some improvements were made to earlier buildings and some new building took place. Little physical evidence survives from this period.

Parramatta Lunatic Asylum (1872-c1901):
The next phase was associated with the administration of Frederick Norton Manning, who became Inspector General for all lunatic asylums in NSW in 1872. This phase saw a major program of new building, changes to layout and replacement of earlier structures. The site was also expanded to take in land further north, outside the study area for this brief.

Psychiatric Hospital (c1901-1960):
In this phase various alterations and additions were made on the subject site but most of the new development for the hospital was to the north.

Walter Liberty Vernon (1846-1914) was both architect and soldier. Born in England, he ran successful practices in Hastings and London and had estimable connections in artistic and architectural circles. In 1883 he had a recurrence of bronchitic asthma and was advised to leave the damp of England. He and his wife sailed to New South Wales. Before leaving, he gained a commission to build new premises for Messrs David Jones and Co., in Sydney's George Street. In 1890 he was appointed Government Architect - the first to hold that title - in the newly reorganised branch of the Public Works Department. He saw his role as building 'monuments to art'. His major buildings, such as the Art Gallery of New South Wales (1904-6) are large in scale, finely wrought in sandstone, and maintaining the classical tradition. Among others are the Mitchell Wing of the State Library, Fisher Library at the University of Sydney and Central Railway Station. He also added to a number of buildings designed by his predecessors, including Customs House, the GPO and Chief Secretary's Building - with changes which did not meet with the approval of his immediate predecessor, James Barnet who, nine years after his resignation, denounced Vernon's additions in an essay and documentation of his own works. In England, Vernon had delighted his clients with buildings in the fashionable Queen Anne style. In NSW, a number of British trained architects who were proponents of the Arts and Crafts style joined his office and under their influence, Vernon changed his approach to suburban projects. Buildings such as the Darlinghurst First Station (Federation Free style, 1910) took on the scale and character of their surroundings. Under Vernon's leadership, an impressive array of buildings was produced which were distinguished by interesting brickwork and careful climatic considerations, by shady verandahs, sheltered courtyards and provision for cross-flow ventilation. Examples are courthouses in Parkes (1904), Wellington (1912) and Bourke, Lands Offices in Dubbo (1897) and Orange (1904) and the Post Office in Wellington (1904)(Le Sueur, 2016, 7).

Cumberland Hospital (1960-1993):
Cumberland Hospital was formally established in 1983. In 1989-90 it became the focus of a $22.1m capital works programme proposed to provide a state-of-the-art psychiatric facility and mental health service. It was originally planned to demolish all buildings on the Western Campus, including Wistaria House and grounds, however the historic area was eventually saved through the protest and work of community and heritage groups. The funding was used to virtually rebuild the Western Campus. It was found to be more cost-effective to completely renovate existing structures and build new buildings on vacant ground (PMA et al, 2010).

In 1993 a Chapel and associated buildings were built adjacent to the house (Glengarriff/Wistaria House). These were funded by fetes and monies raised in the 1960s and reserved for such a sue. These buildings were also built close to the river front. It is assumed that the staff, and nearby 'cottages' were also built during this period. A recent aerial photo shows the Chapel which is now used as a museum and coffee shop surrounded by a complex of modern buildings, including hte group of staff and residential cottages in the formerly-cleared land west of Glengarriff/Wistaria House and gardens (PMA et al, 2010).

More recent development on the subject land has been of a relatively minor nature, though the integrity of earlier development has been affected.

In September 2017 Ministers Brad Hazzard and Gabrielle Upton announced on Tuesday that Cumberland Hospital's Wistaria Gardens will be added to the park trust. Wistaria Gardens was originally built as a place of solitude and contemplation for the Superintendent of the Parramatta Lunatic Asylum in 1906. The Superintendent's daughter brought the original wisteria plants from Japan more than 100 years ago (Stevens, 2017).

On 7 July 2018 the bicentennary of laying the first stone for the Female Factory by Governor Macquarie was celebrated in events including re-enactments, dedication ofa commemorative wall listing the names of all the convict women who went through the female factory (SMH, 30/6/2018).

In March 2020 Friends of the Female Factory lodged a 10,000-signature petition to federal MP Julie Owens, to raise the matter of the site's future in Parliament in a final push to seek World Heritage listing. Speakers at the (7/3/2020) event include journalist and filmmaker John Pilger and author Meg Keneally, both of whom are descendents of factory convicts. Pilger said his great, great, great-grandmother Mary Palmer was interned at the factory in 1823, aged 16 and pregnant, after being sent to the colony for crimes in London with an Irish gang known as 'The Ruffians'. Keneally (one half of father-daughter duo behind the historical crime series she writes with Tom Keneally), said her great, great-grandmother Mary Shields was a convict there, transported from Ireland for stealing clothing (Barlass, 2020, 4).

In May 2022 with the government passing the Greater Sydney Parklands Authority bill into law, Wisteria Gardens is set to become part of Parramatta Park - the management of the 2ha garden and Glengarriff House is being transferred from NSW Health to Parramatta Park Trust, managed by GSP(A). GSP is planning horticultural improvements in the short-term to the garden's condition and will consult the community on future plans to protect and restore the proprety (PPkNews, 5/2022, online). Restoration work has officially begun on Wistaria Gardens, with a colourful display already promised for spring. GSPA have done garden maintenance and planted annuals for the spring display. Lord Mayor Donna Davis welcomed the transfer and better care and celebration of the gardens. She urged GSPA to work with Council and the community on the Gardens' future use(s) as a key city attraction (Busby, 2022).

Historic themes

Australian theme (abbrev)New South Wales themeLocal theme
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Gardens-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Parks-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Parramatta River-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Other open space-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Introduce cultural planting-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Changing the environment-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Cultural: Natural landscapes valued by humans-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Cultural: Rivers and water bodies important to humans-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Cultural: Conserving and protecting natural features-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Cultural: Plains and plateaux supporting human activities-
1. Environment-Tracing the evolution of a continent's special environments Environment - naturally evolved-Activities associated with the physical surroundings that support human life and influence or shape human cultures. Modification of terrain-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Aboriginal cultures and interactions with other cultures-Activities associated with maintaining, developing, experiencing and remembering Aboriginal cultural identities and practices, past and present. All nations - place of first contact between Aboriginal and European peoples-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Aboriginal cultures and interactions with other cultures-Activities associated with maintaining, developing, experiencing and remembering Aboriginal cultural identities and practices, past and present. Daruk Nation - suffering invasion by disease-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Aboriginal cultures and interactions with other cultures-Activities associated with maintaining, developing, experiencing and remembering Aboriginal cultural identities and practices, past and present. Daruk Nation - sites evidencing occupation-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Aboriginal cultures and interactions with other cultures-Activities associated with maintaining, developing, experiencing and remembering Aboriginal cultural identities and practices, past and present. All nations - the stolen generations-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Aboriginal cultures and interactions with other cultures-Activities associated with maintaining, developing, experiencing and remembering Aboriginal cultural identities and practices, past and present. All nations - places of battle or other early interactions between Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal peoples-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Aboriginal cultures and interactions with other cultures-Activities associated with maintaining, developing, experiencing and remembering Aboriginal cultural identities and practices, past and present. All nations - controlling dispossesed peoples-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Aboriginal cultures and interactions with other cultures-Activities associated with maintaining, developing, experiencing and remembering Aboriginal cultural identities and practices, past and present. All nations - imprisoning and detaining Aboriginal peoples-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Aboriginal cultures and interactions with other cultures-Activities associated with maintaining, developing, experiencing and remembering Aboriginal cultural identities and practices, past and present. Daruk nation - sites of first contact or early interaction with colonisers-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Aboriginal cultures and interactions with other cultures-Activities associated with maintaining, developing, experiencing and remembering Aboriginal cultural identities and practices, past and present. Aboriginal Culture-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Aboriginal cultures and interactions with other cultures-Activities associated with maintaining, developing, experiencing and remembering Aboriginal cultural identities and practices, past and present. All nations - reconciliation events-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Convict-Activities relating to incarceration, transport, reform, accommodation and working during the convict period in NSW (1788-1850) - does not include activities associated with the conviction of persons in NSW that are unrelated to the imperial 'convict system': use the theme of Law & Order for such activities Demonstrating convicts' experiences and activities-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Convict-Activities relating to incarceration, transport, reform, accommodation and working during the convict period in NSW (1788-1850) - does not include activities associated with the conviction of persons in NSW that are unrelated to the imperial 'convict system': use the theme of Law & Order for such activities Administering the convict system-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Convict-Activities relating to incarceration, transport, reform, accommodation and working during the convict period in NSW (1788-1850) - does not include activities associated with the conviction of persons in NSW that are unrelated to the imperial 'convict system': use the theme of Law & Order for such activities Experiencing secondary punishment-
2. Peopling-Peopling the continent Convict-Activities relating to incarceration, transport, reform, accommodation and working during the convict period in NSW (1788-1850) - does not include activities associated with the conviction of persons in NSW that are unrelated to the imperial 'convict system': use the theme of Law & Order for such activities Working for the Crown-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture Clearing land for farming-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture Ancillary structures - wells, cisterns-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture Operating government-owned farms-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture Farming with convict labour-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture Attempting to transplant European farming practices to Australian environments-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture Arboretums - collections of trees for ornament or forestry-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture Ancillary structures fencing-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture Ancillary structures - sheds, crop storage-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Agriculture-Activities relating to the cultivation and rearing of plant and animal species, usually for commercial purposes, can include aquaculture cropping river flats-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Unseen but Present-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Developing local, regional and national economies-National Theme 3
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Park-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Creating environments evocative of the 'old country'-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Landscapes demonstrating styles in landscape design-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Landscapes and parklands of distinctive styles-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Landscapes of institutions - productive and ornamental-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Landscapes of passive recreation-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Landscapes of military activities-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Landscapes of remembrance-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Landscapes of cultural and natural interaction-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Landscapes of urban amenity-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Landscapes of urban and rural interaction-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Environment - cultural landscape-Activities associated with the interactions between humans, human societies and the shaping of their physical surroundings Landscapes used for self reliant recreation-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Events-Activities and processes that mark the consequences of natural and cultural occurences Providing a venue for significant events-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Events-Activities and processes that mark the consequences of natural and cultural occurences Places of strikes and industrial actions-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Forestry-Activities associated with identifying and managing land covered in trees for commercial purposes. Timber getting-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Health-Activities associated with preparing and providing medical assistance and/or promoting or maintaining the well being of humans Operating public hospitals-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Health-Activities associated with preparing and providing medical assistance and/or promoting or maintaining the well being of humans Caring for the sick in hospitals-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Health-Activities associated with preparing and providing medical assistance and/or promoting or maintaining the well being of humans Caring for the sick in hospitals-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Health-Activities associated with preparing and providing medical assistance and/or promoting or maintaining the well being of humans Drug rehabiliation provision-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Health-Activities associated with preparing and providing medical assistance and/or promoting or maintaining the well being of humans Doctor's office and clinic-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Health-Activities associated with preparing and providing medical assistance and/or promoting or maintaining the well being of humans Health related research-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Health-Activities associated with preparing and providing medical assistance and/or promoting or maintaining the well being of humans Providing nursing training-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Health-Activities associated with preparing and providing medical assistance and/or promoting or maintaining the well being of humans Encouraging public recreation in parks-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Health-Activities associated with preparing and providing medical assistance and/or promoting or maintaining the well being of humans Operating mental health facilities-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Industry-Activities associated with the manufacture, production and distribution of goods Factories-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Industry-Activities associated with the manufacture, production and distribution of goods Managing industrial relations-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Industry-Activities associated with the manufacture, production and distribution of goods Timber getting-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Industry-Activities associated with the manufacture, production and distribution of goods Manufacturing textiles-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Industry-Activities associated with the manufacture, production and distribution of goods Operating wind energy facilities-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Industry-Activities associated with the manufacture, production and distribution of goods Milling flour, corn and other grains-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Mining-Activities associated with the identification, extraction, processing and distribution of mineral ores, precious stones and other such inorganic substances. Quarrying stone-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Pastoralism-Activities associated with the breeding, raising, processing and distribution of livestock for human use Livestock structures-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Pastoralism-Activities associated with the breeding, raising, processing and distribution of livestock for human use Modifying landscapes to increase productivity-
3. Economy-Developing local, regional and national economies Pastoralism-Activities associated with the breeding, raising, processing and distribution of livestock for human use Agisting and fattening stock for slaughter-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Worker's Dwellings-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Building settlements, towns and cities-National Theme 4
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Victorian era offices-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. housing (suburbs)-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Victorian era residence-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. early settlement or worker's cottage-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Federation era office building-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. gate-house-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Edwardian era residence-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Architectural design-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Accommodating convicts-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Building for seclusion-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Housing ordinary families-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Housing industrial workers-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Housing public servants and officials-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Housing public servants and officials-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Housing working animals-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Accommodating prisoners and internees-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Accommodation-Activities associated with the provision of accommodation, and particular types of accommodation – does not include architectural styles – use the theme of Creative Endeavour for such activities. Housing for farm and station hands-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Early land grants-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Early farming (cropping)-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Changing land uses - from suburban to urban-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Fencing boundaries - mortared stone walls-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Expressing lines of early grant allotments-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Demonstrating Governor Macquarie's town and landscape planning-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal avenue of trees-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Townships-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Early farming (Cattle grazing)-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Administering and alienating Crown lands-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Sub-division of large estates-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Changing land uses - from rural to suburban-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Land tenure-Activities and processes for identifying forms of ownership and occupancy of land and water, both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal Resuming private lands for public purposes-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Early Sydney Street-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages 19th century suburban developments-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Subdivision of urban estates-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Macquarie's town layout-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages 18th century town and settlement developments-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Developing the social life of a rural community-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Developing government towns-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Cultural Social and religious life-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Gardens - public (parks, reserves)-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages 20th Century infrastructure-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages 19th Century Infrastructure-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Urban residential estates-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Creating landmark structures and places in suburban settings-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Evolution of railway towns-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Impact of railways on suburban development-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Institutions-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Suburban Consolidation-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Rural Estates-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Suburban Expansion-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages living in the suburbs-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Shaping riverine settlement-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Shaping inland settlements-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Developing suburbia-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Role of transport in settlement-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Indicators of early town planning and the disposition of people within the emerging settlement-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Creating landmark structures and places in regional settings-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Creating landmark structures and places in regional settings-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Beautifying towns and villages-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Developing and operating manorial villages-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Planning manorial villages and systems-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Planned towns serving a specific industry-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Planning relationships between key structures and town plans-
4. Settlement-Building settlements, towns and cities Towns, suburbs and villages-Activities associated with creating, planning and managing urban functions, landscapes and lifestyles in towns, suburbs and villages Developing towns in response to topography-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Private assignment-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working in laundries-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working in childcare-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working with plants-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working on the land-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Supporting women with domestic work-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working in orchards-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working with animals-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Providing child care-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working in industrial complexes-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working with hand tools and implements-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working complex machinery and technologies-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working at enforced labour-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working independently on the land-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working in factories-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Workers organising workers-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working in mines and quarries-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working as a manager or executive officer-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working in offices-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Vocational training as a form of social rehabilitation-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Servants quarters-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working in the public service-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working on public infrastructure projects-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working on the waterfront-
5. Working-Working Labour-Activities associated with work practises and organised and unorganised labour Working in the Justice System-Includes work practices and organised labour.
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. State government-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. 19th century government - a regional centre-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Colonial government-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Providing model factories-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - assisting in providing jobs, labour-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Public works-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Suburban Consolidation-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - surveying of land-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - administration of land-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - town and country planning-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - conserving cultural and natural heritage-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - caring for orphans-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - facilitating horticulture-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - building and operating public infrastructure-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - providing community facilities-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - facilitating pastoralism-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - managing the convict system-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - administering the justice system-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Creating and displaying Coats of Arms and official emblems and symbols-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Providing public offices and buildings-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - administering a public health system-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - administering a public health system-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - providing health care facilities-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - jailing prisoners-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - public land administration-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - facilitating agriculture-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - providing education-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Developing roles for government - parks and open spaces-
7. Governing-Governing Government and Administration-Activities associated with the governance of local areas, regions, the State and the nation, and the administration of public programs - includes both principled and corrupt activities. Direct vice-regal governance (pre 1856)-
7. Governing-Governing Law and order-Activities associated with maintaining, promoting and implementing criminal and civil law and legal processes The rule of law-
7. Governing-Governing Law and order-Activities associated with maintaining, promoting and implementing criminal and civil law and legal processes Prison colony-
7. Governing-Governing Law and order-Activities associated with maintaining, promoting and implementing criminal and civil law and legal processes Visiting prisoners by priests - administering to their needs-
7. Governing-Governing Law and order-Activities associated with maintaining, promoting and implementing criminal and civil law and legal processes Incarcerating prisoners-
7. Governing-Governing Law and order-Activities associated with maintaining, promoting and implementing criminal and civil law and legal processes Detaining young offenders-
7. Governing-Governing Welfare-Activities and process associated with the provision of social services by the state or philanthropic organisations Destitute and alone-
7. Governing-Governing Welfare-Activities and process associated with the provision of social services by the state or philanthropic organisations Children in need-
7. Governing-Governing Welfare-Activities and process associated with the provision of social services by the state or philanthropic organisations Providing childcare facilities-
7. Governing-Governing Welfare-Activities and process associated with the provision of social services by the state or philanthropic organisations Providing community halls and services-
7. Governing-Governing Welfare-Activities and process associated with the provision of social services by the state or philanthropic organisations Providing training for destitute boys-
7. Governing-Governing Welfare-Activities and process associated with the provision of social services by the state or philanthropic organisations Providing care for mentally disabled youth-
7. Governing-Governing Welfare-Activities and process associated with the provision of social services by the state or philanthropic organisations Rehabilitation of truants from schools-
7. Governing-Governing Welfare-Activities and process associated with the provision of social services by the state or philanthropic organisations Providing a home for disadvantaged children-
7. Governing-Governing Welfare-Activities and process associated with the provision of social services by the state or philanthropic organisations Rehabilitation of juvenile offenders-
7. Governing-Governing Welfare-Activities and process associated with the provision of social services by the state or philanthropic organisations Providing food and rations-
7. Governing-Governing Welfare-Activities and process associated with the provision of social services by the state or philanthropic organisations Hospital/nursing home phase-
7. Governing-Governing Welfare-Activities and process associated with the provision of social services by the state or philanthropic organisations Providing natal care for illegitimate children-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Industrial buildings-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Monuments-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Developing cultural institutions and ways of life-National Theme 8
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Interior design styles and periods - Gothic Revival-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Creating works of theatre-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Architectural styles and periods - Victorian (early)-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Architectural styles and periods - colonial Italianate-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Architectural styles and periods - Interwar Colonial Revival-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Interior design styles and periods - 20th century colonial revival-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Interior design styles and periods - 20th century post WW2-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Architectural styles and periods - Victorian (mid)-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Architectural styles and periods - Georgian Revival-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Performing theatrical entertainments-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Interior design styles and periods - Edwardian-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Interior design styles and periods - Colonial-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Applying architectural design to industrial structures-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Architectural styles and periods - Interwar Mediterranean-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Designing gardens-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Applying architectural design to utlilitarian structures-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. work of stonemasons-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Designing in an exemplary architectural style-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Designing landscapes in an exemplary style-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Designing structures to emphasise their important roles-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Creating works of art-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Building in response to climate - bushfires-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Designing making and using coats of arms and heraldry-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Building in response to natural landscape features.-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Architectural styles and periods - Interwar Georgian Revival-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Architectural styles and periods - Interwar Georgian Revival-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Architectural styles and periods - colonial Georgian-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Interior design styles and periods - Victorian-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Interior design styles and periods - Modernist-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Architectural styles and periods - Victorian (late)-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Vernacular structures and building techniques-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Building in response to climate - ventilation devices-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Architectural styles and periods - Victorian Georgian Revival-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Architectural styles and periods - Federation Arts and Crafts-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Landscaping - Federation period-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Adaptation of overseas design for local use-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Landscaping - Victorian period-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Landscaping - colonial period-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Landscaping - 20th century interwar-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Landscaping - 20th century post WW2-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Creative endeavour-Activities associated with the production and performance of literary, artistic, architectural and other imaginative, interpretive or inventive works; and/or associated with the production and expression of cultural phenomena; and/or environments that have inspired such creative activities. Landscaping - Victorian gardenesque style-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Ways of life 1788-1850-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Ways of life 1850-1900-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Convict housing near workplaces-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Living near factories and industrial complexes-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Ways of life 1900-1950-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Ways of life 1950-2000-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Living in a jail or gaol-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Ornamental Garden-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Kitchens and servants-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Living in, adapting and renovating homes for changing conditions-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Living on the urban fringe-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Valuing women's contributions-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Living in converted commercial premises-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Domestic life-Activities associated with creating, maintaining, living in and working around houses and institutions. Living in factory accommodation-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Outdoor relief-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Playing football-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Bird watching-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Visiting gardens-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation community park-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Playing cricket-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Tourism-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Outdoor concerts and performances-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Going to talks and lectures-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Enjoying public parks and gardens-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Gathering at landmark places to socialise-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Activities associated with relaxation and recreation-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Visiting heritage places-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Gardening-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Going to a museum-
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Leisure-Activities associated with recreation and relaxation Leisure-Includes tourism, resorts.
8. Culture-Developing cultural institutions and ways of life Sport-Activities associated with organised recreational and health promotional activities cricket-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups Associations with Charles Moore, Director Botanic Gardens and garden maker, 1848-96-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups Associations with Joseph Henry Maiden, Director Botanic Gardens 1896-1924, botanist, museum curator-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups Associations with Francis Greenway, emancipist architect-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups Associations with Aaron Muron Bolot, architect-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups Associations with Walter Liberty Vernon, Government Architect 1890-1911, private architect-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups Associations with William Buchanan, Clerk of Works, Department of Public Works, 1830s-
9. Phases of Life-Marking the phases of life Persons-Activities of, and associations with, identifiable individuals, families and communal groups Associations with Dr Frederick Norton Manning, Medical reformer-

Assessment of significance

SHR Criteria a)
[Historical significance] 		The Cumberland Hospital Heritage Precinct is a place of national significance. It provides abundant physical evidence from the formative years of the Colony of New South Wales, and the initial settlement of Parramatta. It has been in continuous institutional use since 1818. What survives of the various buildings, relics and landscapes provides a valuable insight into changing attitudes to welfare, criminal behaviour and mental health, over a period of 175 years.
All buildings on the site have considerable historical interest, particularly those structures dating back to the initial use of the site as the Female Factory, established by Governor Macquarie. They all provide continuing reminders of the original role and function. Most buildings also have great architectural and aesthetic value.
SHR Criteria c)
[Aesthetic significance] 		The Cumberland Hospital Heritage Precinct is a place of national significance. It provides abundant physical evidence from the formative years of the Colony of New South Wales, and the initial settlement of Parramatta. It has been in continuous institutional use since 1818. What survives of the various buildings, relics and landscapes provides a valuable insight into changing attitudes to welfare, criminal behaviour and mental health, over a period of 175 years.
All buildings on the site have considerable historical interest, particularly those structures dating back to the initial use of the site as the Female Factory, established by Governor Macquarie. They all provide continuing reminders of the original role and function. Most buildings also have great architectural and aesthetic value.
SHR Criteria d)
[Social significance] 		The collection of buildings, built for the Lunatic Asylum in the 1870's through to 1910, are outstanding examples of public architecture. Despite their functional simplicity they manifest handsome exteriors, framing the adjoining courtyards in a pleasant human scale. Building 1A, with its imposing clock tower, contributes a sense of dignity and formality.

The architecture of the precinct generally reflects Victorian, Georgian and Classical Revival notions of grandeur. Each of the buildings from the 1870-1901 period reflects the influence of Colonial and Government Architect's J Barnet and WL Vernon, as well as FN Manning, the then Inspector General for all lunatic asylums in New South Wales.

Internally the buildings were functional and rather austere. The spatial arrangements however, clearly expressed the original uses and continue to evoke images of their historical role.
Assessment criteria: Items are assessed against the PDF State Heritage Register (SHR) Criteria to determine the level of significance. Refer to the Listings below for the level of statutory protection.

Recommended management:

Recommendations

Management CategoryDescriptionDate Updated
Recommended ManagementReview a Conservation Management Plan (CMP) 
Recommended ManagementPrepare a maintenance schedule or guidelines 
Recommended ManagementCarry out interpretation, promotion and/or education 

Procedures /Exemptions

Section of actDescriptionTitleCommentsAction date
CMP-EndorseConservation Plan submitted for endorsementCMP for North Parramatta Government Sites (DPWS) adopted with revisions. The Heritage Council's State Heritage Register Committee endorsed the CMP subject to certain revisions to the satisfaction of the Director, Heritage Office, for a period of 5 years (expires 18/5/2005). May 18 2000
CMP-EndorseConservation Plan submitted for endorsementCMP & AMP: Cumberland Hospital East Campus and Wisteria Gardens - for review/endorsement Jun 8 2012
CMP-EndorseConservation Plan submitted for endorsementConsolidated Conservation Management Plan Parramatta North Historic Sites - Cumberland District Hospital Group/ Norma Parker Correctional Centre/ Parramatta Correctional Centre Apr 7 2017
CMP-EndorseConservation Plan submitted for endorsementCMP - Parramatta North Historic Sites - Consolidated Conservation Management Plan - Updated Part A Mar 19 2021
57(2)Exemption to allow workHeritage Act - Site Specific Exemptions ORDER UNDER SECTION 57(2)
TO GRANT SITE-SPECIFIC EXEMPTIONS FROM APPROVAL
Cumberland District Hospital Group (part) and Norma Parker Correctional Centre,
State Heritage Register (SHR) No. 00820 and 00811
I, the Minister for Heritage, on the recommendation of the Heritage Council of New South Wales, in pursuance of section 57(2) of the Heritage Act 1977, do, by this my order, grant an exemption from section 57(1) of that Act in respect of the engaging in or carrying out of any activities described in Schedule “C” by the owners, managers or lessees of the land described in Schedule “B” on the item described in Schedule “A”.
The Hon James Griffin MP
Minister for Environment and Heritage
Sydney, 3rd Day of March 2022

SCHEDULE “A”
The items known as Cumberland District Hospital Group (part) and Norma Parker Correctional Centre, situated on the land described in Schedule “B”.

SCHEDULE “B”
All those pieces or parcels of land known as Lot 3 DP808447and Lots 1 and 2 DP862127, in the Parish of Field of Mars, County of Cumberland shown on the plans catalogued HC Plan 2253 and HC Plan 2229 in the office of the Heritage Council of New South Wales.

SCHEDULE “C”
1. Existing approved or exempted development
All works and activities in accordance with a current and valid development consent from or minor works already endorsed as exempt under section 57(2) of the Heritage Act 1977 in force at the date of gazettal of these site-specific exemptions.

2. Excavation
Excavation or disturbance of land identified within the endorsed Archaeological Management Strategy (AMS) as having No or Low archaeological potential where:
(i) the works are undertaken in accordance with the recommendations of the Heritage Council endorsed CMP, AMS and ACHMP;
(ii) the works do not remove state significant fabric and/or archaeological relics;
(iii) there are no associated works that require consent of the NSW Heritage Council under section 57(1) of the Heritage Act 1977; and
(iv) the Heritage Council of NSW or its delegate has been notified in writing of the works proposed to be undertaken under this exemption prior to commencement of works, including details of the works and their location.
Note:
If relics (local or State significant) or any unexpected buried discoveries such as a ‘works’, work must cease in the affected area and the Heritage Council must be notified under section 146 of the Heritage Act 1977. Depending on the nature of the discovery, additional assessment and approval may be required prior to works continuing in the affected area(s) based on the nature of the discovery. If any Aboriginal objects are discovered on the site, excavation or disturbance is to cease and Heritage NSW notified in accordance with section 89A of the National Parks
and Wildlife Act 1974.

3. Removal of intrusive buildings
Removal of buildings that have been identified as Intrusive in a Conservation Management Plan endorsed by the Heritage Council where:
(i) the proposed works would not incrementally or materially impact significant elements or characteristics of the Parramatta North Historic Sites, such as (but not limited to) its setting, tree canopy, curtilage, subdivision and ownership patterns, remnant significant fabric, relics, landscape and natural features, current and historic access routes to significant elements, views to and from the item and its significant features, and the capacity for interpretation of its significance;
(ii) the works will be supervised and carried out by people with knowledge, skills and
experience appropriate to the work;
(iii) the proposed works are consistent with the conservation guidelines contained in the endorsed CMP, AMS and ACHMP; and
(iv) the Heritage Council of NSW or its delegate has been notified in writing of the works proposed to be undertaken under this exemption prior to commencement of works, including details of the works and their location.

4. Works to buildings of Little Significance
Minor works to buildings of Little significance where:
(i) internal and external works comprise activities such as façade and roof repairs,
repair/replacement of doors and windows, new external and internal openings,
refurbishment of kitchens, bathrooms and floor finishes and installation of new
services, removal of hazardous materials;
(ii) the proposed works would not incrementally or materially impact significant elements or characteristics of the Parramatta North Historic Sites such as (but not limited to) its setting, tree canopy, curtilage, subdivision and ownership patterns, remnant significant fabric, relics, landscape and natural features, current and historic access routes to significant elements, views to and from the item and its significant features, and the capacity for interpretation of its significance;
(iii) the works will be supervised and carried out by people with knowledge, skills and experience appropriate to the work;
(iv) the proposed works are consistent with the conservation guidelines contained in the endorsed CMP; and
(v) the Heritage Council of NSW or its delegate has been notified in writing of the works proposed to be undertaken under this exemption prior to commencement of works, including details of the works and their location.

5. Repairs to buildings and elements of Exceptional, High and Moderate Significance
Repair/replacement of internal and external fabric including:
- failed roofing (slate, terracotta or metal sheet roofing), roof elements and rainwater goods provided that the replacement material matches the existing fabric and sound existing materials is salvaged for re-use.
- deteriorated sandstone and/or brickwork provided that the replacement material matches the existing fabric and that all sound material is conserved in situ.
- deteriorated timber structure provided that the replacement material matches the existing fabric and that all sound material is conserved in situ.
- deteriorated timber flooring and external and internal timber linings provided that the replacement material matches the existing fabric and that all sound material is conserved in situ.
- deteriorated sandstone paving provided that the replacement material matches the existing fabric and that all sound material is conserved in situ.
- deteriorated plaster and pressed metal wall and ceiling linings provided that the
replacement material matches the existing fabric and that all sound material is conserved in situ.
- deteriorated window and door fabric provided that the replacement material matches the existing fabric and that all sound material is conserved in situ.
- immediate rectification of fabric damaged by storm or vandalization or other unforeseen events, provided that the replacement material matches the existing fabric and that all sound material is conserved in situ.
Note:
1. Repairs must be based on the principle of doing as little as possible and only as much as is necessary to retain and protect the element. Replacement must only occur as a last resort where the major part of an element has decayed beyond further maintenance.
2. Any new materials used for repair must not exacerbate the decay of existing fabric due to chemical incompatibility, obscure existing fabric or limit access to existing fabric for future maintenance.
3. Repair must maximise protection and retention of fabric and include the conservation of existing detailing, such as vents, capping, chimneys, carving, decoration or glazing.
4. Repair or the replacement of missing, damaged or deteriorated fabric that is beyond further maintenance, which matches the existing fabric in appearance, material and method of affixing and does not involve damage to significant sound fabric.
5. Removal of fabric not exceeding thirty per cent (30%) of a building element or structural element (this does not include cumulative impacts on heritage fabric or major alteration or major reconstruction).
6. Advice of a suitably qualified and experienced professional must be sought regarding repair/replacement of fabric.
7. Repair and conservation work must be undertaken using conservation materials and methods detailed by a suitably qualified and experienced heritage professional using appropriate technical specifications/heritage repair

6. Vegetation Management
Pruning (to control size, improve shape, flowering or fruiting and the removal of diseased, dead or dangerous material) of the canopy of a tree or removal of dead or dying trees, which are to be replaced by new trees of the same species in the same location where or the removal of intrusive or noxious vegetation:
(i) the proposed works would not incrementally or materially impact significant elements or characteristics of Parramatta North Historic Sites, such as (but not limited to) its setting, tree canopy, curtilage, subdivision and ownership patterns, remnant significant fabric, relics, landscape and natural features, current and historic access routes to significant elements, views to and from the item and its significant features, and the capacity for interpretation of its significance;
(ii) the works will be supervised and carried out by people with knowledge, skills and
experience appropriate to the work; and
(iii) the proposed works are consistent with the conservation guidelines contained in the endorsed CMP, AMS and ACHMP.

7. Hard Landscape Maintenance
Repair of paths, paving, garden walls and edging, roads etc where:
(i) the proposed works would not incrementally or materially impact significant elements or characteristics of Parramatta North Historic Sites, such as (but not limited to) its setting, tree canopy, curtilage, subdivision and ownership patterns, remnant significant fabric, relics, landscape and natural features, current and historic access routes to significant elements, views to and from the item and its significant features, and the capacity for interpretation of its significance; and
(ii) the proposed works are consistent with the conservation guidelines contained in the endorsed CMP, AMS and ACHMP.

8. Works to exteriors of new buildings
All works and activities for minor external modifications to buildings erected after the date of the listing of the site on the State Heritage Register where:
(i) the proposed works would not incrementally or materially impact significant elements or characteristics of the Parramatta North Historic Sites, such as (but not limited to) its setting, tree canopy, curtilage, subdivision and ownership patterns, remnant significant fabric, relics, landscape and natural features, current and historic access routes to significant elements, views to and from the item and its significant features, and the capacity for interpretation of its significance;
(ii) the works do not involve alterations to the external appearance of the building;
(iii) the proposed works are consistent with the conservation guidelines contained in the endorsed CMP; and
(iv) the Heritage Council of NSW or its delegate has been notified in writing of the works proposed to be undertaken under this exemption prior to commencement of works, including details of the works and their location.
Note:
Minor works include maintenance and repairs including replacement of deteriorated fabric.

9. Works to interiors of new buildings
All works and activities for internal modifications to buildings erected after the date of after the date of the listing of the site on the State Heritage Register.

10.Modification to new landscape works
All works and activities for modifications to landscape works completed after the date of the endorsed CMP where:
(i) the proposed works would not incrementally or materially impact significant elements or characteristics of Parramatta North Historic Sites, such as (but not limited to) its setting, tree canopy, curtilage, subdivision and ownership patterns, remnant significant fabric, archaeological relics, landscape and natural features, current and historic access routes to significant elements, views to and from the item and its significant features, and the capacity for interpretation of its significance; and
(ii) the proposed works are consistent with the conservation guidelines contained in an endorsed CMP, AMS and ACHMP.

11. Safety and Security
Erection of temporary security fencing, scaffolding, hoardings, surveillance or detection systems to monitor access; to prevent unauthorised access; or for public safety which will not adversely affect significant fabric or landscape or archaeological features where:
(i) the proposed works would not incrementally or materially impact significant elements or characteristics of Parramatta North Historic Sites, such as (but not limited to) its setting, tree canopy, curtilage, subdivision and ownership patterns, remnant significant fabric, archaeological relics, landscape and natural features, current and historic access routes to significant elements, views to and from the item and its significant features, and the capacity for interpretation of its significance;
(ii) the works will be supervised and carried out by people with knowledge, skills and
experience appropriate to the work; and
(iii) the proposed works are consistent with the conservation guidelines contained in the endorsed CMP, AMS and ACHMP.
Note:
Temporary fencing is to remain in place for no longer than 3 months.

12. Fire Safety
Installation of passive fire detection and active fire suppression systems for asset protection and public safety which will not adversely affect significant fabric or landscape or archaeological features where:
(i) the proposed works would not incrementally or materially impact significant elements or characteristics of Parramatta North Historic Sites, such as (but not limited to) its setting, tree canopy, curtilage, subdivision and ownership patterns, remnant significant fabric, archaeological relics, landscape and natural features, current and historic access routes to significant elements, views to and from the item and its significant features, and the capacity for interpretation of its significance;
(ii) the works will be supervised and carried out by people with knowledge, skills and
experience appropriate to the work; and
(iii) the proposed works are consistent with the conservation guidelines contained in an endorsed CMP, AMS and ACHMP.

13.Temporary restriction of parking
The erection of temporary barriers to restrict on-site parking where:
(i) the proposed works would not incrementally or materially impact significant elements or characteristics of Parramatta North Historic Sites, such as (but not limited to) its setting, tree canopy, curtilage, subdivision and ownership patterns, remnant significant fabric, archaeological relics, landscape and natural features, current and historic access routes to significant elements, views to and from the item and its significant features, and the capacity for interpretation of its significance;
(ii) the provision of temporary barriers does not involve excavation: and
(iii) the proposed works are consistent with the conservation guidelines contained in the endorsed CMP, AMS and ACHMP.

14.Temporary Structures
The erection of temporary structures in accordance with the conservation guidelines of a Conservation Management Plan endorsed by the Heritage Council where the structures consist of:
- temporary site offices and other buildings associated with development activity and located within the development zone (temporary structures are to remain in place for no longer than 6 months); or
- small free-standing shade structures or marquees for up to five days per event for up to 50 times per year, and:
(i) the proposed works would not incrementally or materially impact significant elements or characteristics of Parramatta North Historic Sites, such as (but not limited to) its setting, tree canopy, curtilage, subdivision and ownership patterns, remnant significant fabric, archaeological relics, landscape and natural features, current and historic access routes to significant elements, views to and from the item and its significant features, and the capacity for interpretation of its significance;
(ii) the provision of temporary structures does not involve excavation; and
(iii) the proposed works are consistent with the conservation guidelines contained in the endorsed CMP.

15.Temporary Parking
The use of open space areas for temporary parking where:
(i) the proposed parking is related to special events associated with the operations of the site for not more than three consecutive days per event;
(ii) the proposed parking would not incrementally or materially impact significant elements or characteristics of Parramatta North Historic Sites, such as (but not limited to) its setting, tree canopy, curtilage, subdivision and ownership patterns, remnant significant fabric, archaeological relics, landscape and natural features, current and historic access routes to significant elements, views to and from the item and its significant features, and the capacity for interpretation of its significance; and
(iii) the proposed works are consistent with the conservation guidelines contained in the endorsed CMP, AMS and ACHMP.

16.Repair and Maintenance of Services
The repair and maintenance of existing site services (fire, security, hydraulics, electrical, communications, mechanical etc) including replacement of failed in-ground infrastructure services where:
(i) the proposed works are consistent with the conservation guidelines contained in the endorsed CMP, AMS and ACHMP;
(ii) the works do not impact significant fabric;
(iii) there are no associated works that require consent of the NSW Heritage Council under section 57(1) of the Heritage Act 1977; and
(iv) the Heritage Council of NSW or its delegate has been notified in writing of the works proposed to be undertaken under this exemption prior to commencement of works, including details of the works and their location.

17.Hazardous Materials Management
The removal or encapsulation of hazardous materials from the site including the buildings of Exceptional, High or Moderate significance where:
(i) the proposed works would not incrementally or materially impact significant elements or characteristics of the Parramatta North Historic Sites, such as (but not limited to) its setting, tree canopy, curtilage, subdivision and ownership patterns, remnant significant fabric, archaeological relics, landscape and natural features, current and historic access routes to significant elements, views to and from the item and its significant features, and the capacity for interpretation of its significance; and
(ii) the proposed works are consistent with the conservation guidelines contained in the endorsed CMP;
(iii) the works do not impact significant fabric;
(iv) there are no associated works that require consent of the NSW Heritage Council under section 57(1) of the Heritage Act 1977; and
(v) the Heritage Council of NSW or its delegate has been notified in writing of the works proposed to be undertaken under this exemption prior to commencement of works, including details of the works and their location. 		Apr 14 2022
57(2)Exemption to allow workStandard Exemptions HERITAGE ACT 1977

ORDER UNDER SECTION 57(2) TO GRANT STANDARD EXEMPTIONS FROM APPROVAL

I, Penny Sharpe, the Minister for Heritage, on the recommendation of the Heritage Council of New South Wales and under section 57(2) of the Heritage Act 1977:

revoke the order made on 2 June 2022 and published in the Government Gazette Number 262 of 17 June 2022; and

grant an exemption from section 57(1) of the Act in respect of the engaging in or carrying out the class of activities described in clause 2 Schedule A in such circumstances specified by the relevant standards in clause 2 Schedule A and General Conditions in clause 3 Schedule A.

This Order takes effect on the date it is published in the NSW Government Gazette.

Dated this 29th day of October 2025
The Hon Penny Sharpe MLC
Minister for Heritage

For more information on standard exemptions click on the link below. 		Nov 7 2025

PDF Standard exemptions for engaging in or carrying out activities / works otherwise prohibited by section 57(1) of the Heritage Act 1977

Listings

Heritage ListingListing TitleListing NumberGazette DateGazette NumberGazette Page
Heritage Act - State Heritage Register 0082002 Apr 99 271546
Heritage Act - s.170 NSW State agency heritage register 03/5/7/200201 Feb 92   
State Environmental Planning PolicySydney REP 28 - Parramatta - state significant ite 20 Aug 99   
Local Environmental PlanCumberland District Hospital (including Wisteria G I00820   
National Trust of Australia register Cumberland Hospital Group726830 Oct 96   
National Heritage ListParramatta Female Factory and Institutions Precinc10623414 Nov 17   
Register of the National Estate - InterimCumberland Hospital landscape100933   

Study details

TitleYearNumberAuthorInspected byGuidelines used
Department of Community Services - Preliminary s170 Register199303/5/7/200State Projects Heritage Group  Yes

References, internet links & images

TypeAuthorYearTitleInternet Links
WrittenAdoranti, Kylie2016'Repair and restoration works start on heritage buildings in North Parramatta'
WrittenBarlass, Tim2020Sign of the times: final push for World Heritage
WrittenBartok, Di2011Final Piece of Walking Track Finished
WrittenBartok, Di2010Gadiel's Fight for the Gals'
WrittenBosworth, Tony2017'Heritage Precinct sold for just $1 - land transferred to UrbanGrowth as apartment development looms'
WrittenBusby, Ellie2022Heritage Listing doubt: question marks over commitment to protect Parramatta Female Factory
WrittenBusby, Ellie2022Historic Gradens to bloom again with colourful spring predicted View detail
WrittenCasey & Lowe2019Cumberland West historical archaeological assessment View detail
WrittenCasey & Lowe2018Final Historical Archaeological Testing Report - Parramatta North Growth Centre (PNGC). Cumberland Hospital (East campus) & Norma Parker Centre/Kamballa site - Application No: 2015/s60/143 View detail
WrittenEdward Higginbotham2008Cumberland Hospital, Fleet Street, N. Parramatta, NSW: Archaeological Management Plan (Historic Sites) for Conservation Management Plan View detail
WrittenEdward Higginbotham & Associates2010Buildings 105A & 105B, Cumberland Hospital, Fleet Street, N. Parramatta NSW - Report on the Archaeological Monitoring Programme for the excavation of a drainage trench View detail
WrittenEdward Higginbotham & Associates2006Data Centre, Cumberland Hospital, Fleet Street, N Parramatta N.S.W.: Proposed Electrical Sub-Station, Generator and Cable Trenches. Permit Exemption Application
WrittenEdward Higginbotham & Associates Pty Ltd.1996Historical and archaeological assessment of Cumberland Hospital, Eastern Campus, Fleet Streer, Parramatta, N.S.W. / prepared for Western Sydney Area Health Service View detail
WrittenGeoffrey Britton & Colleen Morris1999North Parramatta Government Sites Landscape Conservation Plan View detail
WrittenGreater Sydney Parklands Authority2022Wistaria Gardens to Bloom in Parramatta Park View detail
WrittenHeath, Laurel1978The female convict factories of New South Wales and Van Dieman's land: an examination of their role in the control, punishment and reformation of prisoners between 1804 and 1854.
WrittenHeritage Design Services Department of Public Works and Services.2000Kamballa, Parramatta (formerly Roman Catholic Orphan School and Girls' Industrial School) : archaeological assessment report View detail
WrittenHeritage Division, OEH1995Hard Copy file S95/292/5
WrittenHeritage Group, Design Services, Department of Public Works & Services2000North Parramatta Government Sites Conservation Management Plan View detail
WrittenHeritage Group, NSW Dept. of Public Works1991Wistaria House and Gardens - Conservation Plan View detail
WrittenHeritage Group, NSW Dept. of Public Works & Services1997Norma Parker Centre, Parramatta - Conservation Plan View detail
WrittenHeritage Group, NSW Dept. of Public Works and Services1998North Parramatta Government Sites - Conservation Management Plan View detail
WrittenHigginbotham, Edward & Associates1997Report on Archaeological Monitoring Proramme on Site A, Cumberland Hospital Eastern Campus, Parramatta NSW
WrittenJackson Teece Chesterman Willis1996Cumberland Hospital - Tree Assessment
WrittenKembrey, Melanie2016NSW Planning Minister Rob Stokes meets with Prince Charles over Sydney developments
WrittenLe Sueur, Angela2016Government Architects - part 2
WrittenMorris, Colleen2002'Hospital Gardens' (entry) View detail
WrittenNSW Dpt. Of Public Works and Services1985Roman Catholic Orphan School Conservation Study
WrittenPerumal Murphy Alessi in association with Higginbotham, Edward Higginbotham, Geoffrey Britton & Terry Kass, 4/20102010Conservation Management Plan & Archaeological Management Plan - Cumberland Hospital East Campus & Wisteria Gardens Parramatta View detail
WrittenSchweger Brooks and Partners1992NSW Department of Health - Preliminary Heritage Register - Vol. 2 View detail
WrittenSpencer, Roger1995Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia - Ferns, Conifers & their allies Horticultural Flora of South-Eastern Australia - Ferns, Conifers & their allies
WrittenTKD Architects2017Parramatta North Historic Sites - Consolidated Conservation Management Plan View detail
WrittenVella, Joanne2022Wistaria Gardens formally becomes part of Parramatta Park View detail

Note: internet links may be to web pages, documents or images.
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Data source

The information for this entry comes from the following source:
Name: Heritage NSW
Database number: 5051959
File number: EF14/5114; 09/2787;H00/112

Every effort has been made to ensure that information contained in the State Heritage Inventory is correct. If you find any errors or omissions please send your comments to the Database Manager.

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